OF  THE 

UNIVER.S  ITY 
Of  ILLINOIS 

e><sf? 

(4352  « 


Heating  ^  Piping  Contractors 
National  Association 

Engineering  Standards 


DEVELOPED  BY  THE 

COMMITTEE  ON  STANDARDIZATION 

OF  THE 

Heating  and  Piping  Contractors 
National  Association 

50  UNION  SQUARE  NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 


COPYRIGHTED  1923 
HEATING  AND  PIPING  CONTRACTORS 
NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION 


fc  *51 

H352e 


f 


IT" 


PART  I 

FIGURING  RADIATION 


0*0 


0* 

S' 

£ 


Issued  July  1925 


ERRATA 


Page  I.  19th  line  insert  after  word  “units”  the  words  “per  square 
foot”. 


Page  II.  41st  line  “1.5  units”  should  read  “1.55  units”. 

Page  III.  1st  line  “2  lbs.”  should  read  “1  lb.”  and  “220°”  should 
read  “215°”. 

3rd  line  should  read — (2 15 '70)  x  1.55  —  225  heat  units 
per  sq.  ft.  of  radiation. 

18th  line  should  read — 

IT  x  70  ^  .497  sq.  ft.  of  3  column  38" 

(170-70)  x  1.55  radiation. 


Page  VI.  43rd  line  “-[-10°”  should  read  “-fT0”. 

45th  line  “33  l/3%”  should  read  “25%”. 

Page  VII.  2nd  line  “15%”  should  read  “10%”. 

4th  line  “25 %”  should  read  “20%”. 


o 


# 


FOREWORD 


ALL  rules  for  figuring  radiation  are  based  on  the  heat  required 
to  make  up  the  losses  due  to  the  transfer  of  heat  through 
'walls,  windows,  floors,  ceilings  and  roofs;  and  the  heat 
required  to  bring  the  air  that  leaks  in  through  cracks  from  the 
outside  temperature  to  the  temperature  desired  in  the  room. 

No  matter  what  the  rule  used  has  looked  like,  if  it  had  any 
reason  at  all  for  its  being  used,  it  was  based  on  a  scientific  law  of 
heat  transfer.  Every  material  has  a  definite  rate  of  transfer  or 
loss,  depending  on  the  kind  of  material  entering  into  its  manu¬ 
facture,  and  dependent  on  the  temperature  on  both  sides ;  in  this 
case,  the  temperature  desired  in  the  room  and  the  temperature 
outside.  This  transfer  is  also  dependent  on  the  velocity  of  the 
wind,  and  on  the  moisture  in  the  air.  The  leakage  of  air  is 
dependent  on  construction,  and  on  wind  velocity,  pressure  and 
direction. 

All  of  these  heat  changes  have  always  been  measured  in  British 
Thermal  Units  called  B.t.u.s  and  the  B.t.u.  method  of  figuring 
radiation  is  simply  a  case  of  adding  these  losses  together  and 
dividing  them  by  the  heat  units  given  out  by  the  radiator.  When 
one  has  used  the  Mill’s  formula,  or  Carpenter’s  Rule,  or  a  4,  4,  4 
rule,  or  any  one  of  the  multitude  of  rules  looking  something 
like  these  rules,  he  has  used  a  B.t.u.  method.  It  may  have  been 
concealed  in  a  short  hand  method  devised  by  the  author  of  the 
rule  to  fit  his  particular  conditions. 

These  rules  have  varied  so  much,  the  kinds  of  materials  enter¬ 
ing  into  construction  have  become  so  varied  and  complicated,  the 
conditions  in  different  sections  of  the  country  are  so  widely 
different,  that  the  Committee  on  Standardization  of  your  Asso¬ 
ciation  was  given  the  task  of  examining  the  existing  rules,  the 
existing  constants,  etc.,  and  formulating  new  factors  from  which 
all  the  members  could  safely  and  consistently  figure  the  radiation 
required. 


I 


FOREWORD 


In  order  to  explain  their  task,  let  us  take  one  of  the  well- 
known  old  formulas  for  figuring  radiation,  such  as  Carpenter’s 
rule. 


W 

(G  +  —  +  .02NC)  X  (T,  —  T0) 
4 


Where  G  = 
W  = 
.02  = 
N  = 

(Ti  — T0)  = 


sq.  ft.  of  glass 

sq.  ft.  of  exposed  wall 

specific  heat  of  air 

number  of  air  changes  per  hour  and  C  the  cubic 
contents  of  the  room. 

difference  between  the  indoor  and  outdoor  tem¬ 
perature. 


An  examination  of  this  formula  will  show  how  incorrect  it  is 
for  our  present  conditions.  It  can  be  seen  from  the  formula  that 
the  coefficient  of  transmission  for  glass  was  always  1,  irrespective 
of  the  kind  of  window;  that  the  coefficient  of  transmission  for 
wall  was  always  .25  irrespective  of  the  kind  of  wall;  .02  which 
is  the  specific  heat  of  air,  is  more  properly  .018 ;  and  that  the  num¬ 
ber  of  air  changes  represented  by  N  was  purely  guess  work 
and  that  this  was  the  only  variable  factor  in  the  whole  formula 
and  was  supposed  to  take  care  of  exposures,  window  construc¬ 
tion,  inleakage  and  all  the  other  factors  that  might  in  any  way 
influence  the  amount  of  heat  required.  Other  formulas  followed 
along  similar  lines.  This  showed  the  necessity  for  providing  a 
method  of  figuring  radiation  that  would  take  into  consideration 
the  various  types  of  construction  and  the  differing  conditions. 

First  a  study  was  made  of  plain  single  glass,  just  glass,  not 
the  air  that  came  through  windows — but  how  good  an  insulator 
glass  is.  Each  of  twenty  authorities  gives  a  different  value,  and 
each  has  different  values  for  different  conditions, — wet  weather, 
windy  weather,  or  both.  It  is  never  very  wet  when  very  cold, 
so  that  factor  may  be  eliminated.  It  seemed  that  the  conditions 
on  which  the  most  reliable  figures  could  be  obtained  were  for  dry 
air  with  a  15  mile  wind ;  and  for  single  glass  the  best  authorities 
to  date  have  figured  that  one  square  foot  of  glass  transmits  1.1 
heat  units  for  each  degree  difference  of  temperature  between  the 
air  on  one  side  and  the  air  on  the  other  side,  with  a  15  mile 
wind  velocity.  In  other  words,  if  a  room  temperature  of  70°  is 
required  with  0°  outside  and  a  15  mile  wind,  it  is  necessary  to 
take  care  of  1.1  X  70  equals  77  heat  units  every  hour  for  each 
square  foot  of  glass,  and  as  each  square  foot  of  38",  3  column 
radiation  gives  out  1.5  units  for  every  degree  difference  between 
the  temperature  in  the  radiator  and  the  temperature  of  the  room, 

II 


FOREWORD 


it  will  give,  with  2  lbs.  steam  pressure, — 220°  in  the  radiator  and 
70°  in  the  room,  therefore 

(220  —  70)  X  1.5  =  225  heat  units  per  sq.  ft.  of  radiation. 

So  for  each  square  foot  of  glass  under  these  conditions,  77/225 
or  about  1/3  square  foot  of  38",  3  column  radiation  is  required. 
This  method  shows  the  correct  procedure.  In  locations  where 
the  difference  in  temperature  between  outside  and  inside  is  only 
60°,  multiply  the  1.1  by  60  instead  of  70;  and  similarly,  if  a 
room  temperature  of  60°  is  required. 

If  hot  water  is  the  heating  medium,  we  select  the  mean  tem¬ 
perature  in  the  radiator  to  determine  the  square  feet  of  radiation 
required.  If  the  piping  system  is  designed  for  a  20°  drop  the 
mean  temperature  in  the  radiator,  which  is  the  temperature  we 
use,  will  be  10°  less  than  the  maximum.  As  the  maximum  is 
usually  180°  the  mean  temperature  in  the  radiator  would  be 
taken  as  170°.  Then,  with  a  170°  mean  temperature,  each  square 
foot  of  single  glass  would  require  for  70°  difference 

1.1  X  70 

- =  .513  sq.  ft.  of  3  column  38"  radiation. 

(170-70)  X  1.5 

With  the  rules  most  of  us  have  been  using,  we  never  would 
have  known  how  to  find  the  difference  in  radiation  required  for 
these  different  conditions. 

When  by  exhaustive  examination  the  transmission  coefficient 
for  glass  had  been  determined,  it  was  necessary  to  study  double 
glass  and  the  effect  of  air  spaces,  skylights  and  wire  glass ;  and 
the  further  one  departed  from  simple  materials,  the  less  there 
seemed  to  be  known  about  the  subject.  It  is  thought  that  the 
factors  finally  selected  are  the  best  for  the  heating  conditions 
encountered  and  the  best  that  our  investigations  have  disclosed 
to  be  in  existence  both  in  this  and  foreign  countries. 

In  addition  to  glass,  the  heat  transmission  through  walls  was 
considered  and  only  a  study  of  this  subject  will  disclose  the 
enormous  variety  of  materials  that  are  used  in  construction  and 
how  many  combinations  of  these  materials  there  are.  When  the 
rules  commonly  used  were  made,  brick  was  the  usual  construc¬ 
tion  and  the  formulas  were  based  on  this  material. 

Since  that  period  a  number  of  research  laboratories  and  scien¬ 
tific  schools  have  determined  the  coefficients  of  transmission  of 
quite  a  number  of  simple  materials.  Their  results  were  investi¬ 
gated  and  the  most  accurately  determined  coefficients  selected. 
From  these  coefficients  of  transmission  of  the  simple  materials, 
the  coefficients  of  the  compound  materials  were  determined  by 
the  reciprocal  method,  the  results  from  which  at  times  were 
slightly  modified  to  make  the  coefficients  in  the  following  tables. 

Ill 


FOREWORD 


The  formula  for  obtaining  a  coefficient  by  the  reciprocal  method  is 

1 

K  = - 

111  1 

- 1 - 1 - b . 

Kx  K2  K3  Kn 

Factors  for  most  of  the  usual  types  of  construction  are  given 
in  the  following  tables. 

Note  that  floors  and  ceiling  factors  are  different  from  those 
of  walls,  due  to  the  fact  that  heat  travels  upward  and  there  is  a 
difference  between  the  temperature  of  the  air  at  the  floor  and 
that  at  the  ceiling.  The  square  feet  of  radiation  for  walls,  floors 
and  ceilings,  doors,  etc.,  are  calculated  in  the  same  manner  as 
glass,  that  is,  so  many  square  feet  times  its  factor  K  times  the 
difference  in  temperature  (desired)  inside  the  room  and  the  out¬ 
side  temperature ;  this  divided  by  the  heat  units  given  out  by  the 
radiator  per  square  foot  at  the  room  temperature,  gives  the  radia¬ 
tion  for  this  particular  part. 

It  is  from  this  point  on  that  the  guessing  of  heating  contractors 
began.  They  knew  that  if  they  only  took  these  two  factors,  wall 
and  glass,  into  consideration,  they  would  inevitably  get  into 
trouble,  so  they  said:  “There’s  an  air  change;  fresh  air  blows 
in  through  cracks,  how  can  I  take  care  of  this ;  walls  are  colder 
too  on  the  windy  side  of  the  house.  Well,  I  guess  this  room  has 
one  air  change  an  hour  or  two  or  one  and  a  half  or  something, 
and  to  make  myself  safe,  I’ll  add  10%  or  20%  or  30%  to  the 
whole  thing  to  make  sure.” 

In  order  to  eliminate  the  guess  work  from  this  part  of  the 
calculations,  we  investigated  the  various  methods  of  arriving  at 
the  air  inleakage  or  air  changes  in  different  types  of  rooms  and 
in  rooms  of  different  exposures.  It  is  obvious  that  the  only  air 
that  could  leak  into  the  room,  assuming  normal  construction, 
was  through  the  window  cracks  or  through  doors,  and  investiga¬ 
tion  showed  that  this  idea  was  not  new  but  that  it  had  been 
tested  by  various  authorities  and  that  there  is  some  considerable 
data  on  this  subject,  although  the  investigations  are  still  being 
carried  on  in  a  great  many  places.  The  tests  that  had  been  made 
were  sufficiently  reliable  to  show  that  the  amount  of  air  change 
in  the  room  was  practically  not  dependent  upon  the  size  of  the 
room  at  all,  but  on  the  amount  of  crack  area  around  and  across 
the  window  and  that  leakage  or  inleakage  varied  with  the  type 
of  sash  construction ;  being  different  for  wood  sash,  metal  sash, 
fenestra,  stationary  sash,  French  windows,  in  very  wide  ranges. 
However,  there  was  enough  similarity  between  all  the  tests  that 
had  been  made  to  warrant  the  assumption  of  a  definite  amount  of 
inleakage  for  each  type,  which  we  have  incorporated  into  our 

IV 


FOREWORD 


calculations,  and  which  is  infinitely  closer  to  the  truth  than  the 
average  guess  that  all  of  us  have  used  for  so  many  years. 

It  was  very  easy  to  determine  the  amount  of  radiation  required 
to  take  care  of  the  air  that  would  leak  into  the  room  in  an  hour, 
because  the  theory  of  the  heating  of  air  is  an  old  and  established 
scientific  calculation  entailing  no  difficulty.  In  other  words,  it 
is  well-known  that  one  heat  unit  will  raise  one  cubic  foot  of  air 
at  the  temperature  that  is  customary  in  heating,  55.2°,  or  that 
one  heat  unit  will  raise  55.2  cubic  feet  of  air  1°  per  hour.  There¬ 
fore,  if  100  cubic  feet  of  air  leaks  into  a  room  and  it  is  desired 
to  raise  this  100  cubic  feet  of  air  from  its  temperature 
outside  (assumed  to  be  zero)  to  the  70°  to  which  the  room  is  to  be 
warmed,  multiply  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  air  by  70  and 
divide  by  55.2  or  multiply  by  .018.  This  gives  the  total  number 
of  heat  units  required  for  the  air  inleakage,  and  this,  divided  by 
the  number  of  heat  units  given  off  by  a  square  foot  of  radiation 
gives  the  additional  amount  of  radiation  required  by  air  changes. 

In  working  on  air  changes  due  to  inleakage,  the  most  inter¬ 
esting  part  of  the  investigation  developed,  i.  e.  that  the  direction 
and  velocity  of  the  wind  has  a  marked  effect  on  the  amount  of 
radiation  required  to  heat  a  building.  In  fact,  it  developed  that 
the  reason  our  buildings  were  usually  not  overheated  even  in  days 
of  moderate  temperature,  and  by  moderate  temperature  we  mean 
around  15°  to  20°  above  the  outdoor  temperature  for  which  the 
system  was  designed,  was  due  to  the  fact  that  one  mile  of  wind 
velocity  was  practically  equivalent  to  1°  drop  in  temperature.  In 
other  words,  for  ease  of  calculation,  a  15  mile  wind  with  a  15° 
temperature  is  equivalent  to  0°  with  no  wind. 

It  also  developed  that  all  the  factors  used  in  calculating  radia¬ 
tion,  that  is,  glass  and  wall  and  inleakage,  were  all  based  on  a 
wind  factor;  that  when  1.1  heat  units  per  square  foot  of  glass 
was  used  as  a  factor  for  single  glass,  it  was  the  transmission  with 
a  15  mile  wind ;  and  it  was  only  due  to  the  foresight  or  luck  of 
the  early  investigators  that  the  heating  systems  that  we  installed 
did  not  get  us  into  an  infinite  amount  of  trouble.  It  is  for  the 
reason  that  the  equivalent  temperature  is  often  far  below  zero 
due  to  high  wind  velocities  that  the  exposure  factors  of  5  to  50 
have  been  added  as  a  regular  thing  to  all  of  our  calculations 
for  radiation.  In  Carpenter’s  formula  allowance  for  this  con¬ 
dition  was  made  by  increasing  the  number  of  air  changes  but 
did  not  consider  the  effect  of  the  wind  on  the  wall  and  glass. 

After  this  condition  was  discovered,  it  became  necessary  to  find 
the  prevailing  temperatures  in  the  various  sections  of  the  country, 
and  the  prevailing  wind  directions  and  wind  velocities  with  these 
temperatures.  In  order  to  accomplish  this  it  was  necessary  to 
obtain  from  the  local  Weather  Bureaus  and  from  the  United 


V 


!’ 


f 


FOREWORD 


States  Weather  Bureau  hourly  records  of  temperature,  wind 
direction  and  wind  velocity  for  various  cities  plotted  over  the 
whole  country.  A  number  of  representative  cities  were  selected 
and  the  months  of  January  and  February,  the  coldest  months 
for  an  average  three  year  period,  actually  years  1918,  1919  and 
1920.  This  work  required  the  analyzing  of  nearly  90,000  records 
and  the  results  are  extremely  interesting.  Every  reading  was 
reduced  to  an  equivalent  factor,  that  is,  if  on  the  north  side  there 
was  a  temperature  at  a  certain  hour  of  10°  with  a  wind  velocity 
of  15  miles  an  hour,  the  temperature  was  plotted  as  north  minus 
5°,  then,  by  eliminating  from  this  exposure  the  isolated  and 
scattered  exceptional  conditions,  we  were  able  to  get  a  condition 
that  would  prevail  for  a  long  enough  period  to  influence  the 
heating,  taking  into  account  the  fact  that  there  is  always  a  time 
element  in  heating  and  that  a  particularly  severe  condition  for 
only  a  short  period  of  time,  say  1  or  2  hours,  should  not  be 
-calculated  in  figuring  the  radiation  required  for  any  building. 

One  of  the  other  interesting  facts  that  developed  in  the  inves¬ 
tigation  of  this  subject,  was  that  the  blanket  of  air  propelled 
against  a  building  was  of  such  magnitude  and  volume  that  its 
effect  on  inleakage  was  the  same  irrespective  of  its  angle  of 
direction,  that  is,  a  northwest  wind  of  certain  velocity  had  as 
much  effect  on  inleakage  and  transmission  on  the  north  side  of 
the  building  as  though  the  wind  direction  had  been  due  north  and 
of  equal  velocity.  We  therefore  took  the  equivalent  temperature 
as  applying  to  three  out  of  eight  directions.  For  example,  in 
arriving  at  the  exposure  factor  for  north,  the  factors  for  north¬ 
west  and  northeast  were  considered  and  the  highest  of  the  three 
was  used,  etc.  In  this  way  the  maximum  number  of  exposure 
constants  required  would  be  six,  but  in  practically  every  case  it 
worked  down  to  three  and  in  exceptional  cases  four. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  northern  exposure  is  not  neces¬ 
sarily  the  worst.  The  surrounding  profile  of  the  country  or  the 
proximity  of  bodies  of  water  seems  to  affect  these  conditions. 

The  other  interesting  point  is  that  the  base  temperature  we  have 
been  accustomed  to  use,  that  is,  0°,  in  most  cases  is  erroneous 
when  it  is  taken  into  consideration  that  all  the  factors  of  trans¬ 
mission  and  infiltration  are  based  on  a  15  mile  an  hour  wind 
velocity  and  that  this  factor  must  be  deducted  in  order  to  get  a 
true  base  condition.  For  instance,  Chicago  which  has  always  been 
figured  with  a  -10°  base  temperature ;  under  the  new  method  of 
allowance  for  the  factors  already  included  in  all  our  coefficients 
has  a  base  temperature  of  +10°  and,  surprising  as  it  may  seem, 
west  is  the  worst  exposure  and  affects  southwest  and  northwest 
to  the  same  extent  necessitating  the  addition  of  33  1/3%  to  wall 
and  glass  and  infiltration  on  these  points  of  the  compass.  North- 

VI 


'V 


:v 


p 


FOREWORD 


east  and  east  and  southeast  require  no  additional  radiation  beyond 
the  basic  calculations,  whereas  south  requires  15%  to  be  added 
to  compensate  for  severe  southwest  winds ;  likewise  north  requires 
the  addition  of  25%  to  compensate  for  severe  northwest  winds. 

The  formula,  in  which  the  coefficient  and  factors  presented  in 
this  handbook  are  to  be  used,  is 


(W+G  +  I)  (Ti  —  T0)  E  +  O  (Ti-Ta) 
R 


=  sq.  ft.  rad. 


Where 

W^  —  Net  area  in  square  feet  of  exposed  wall  X  K 

G  =  Area  in  sq.  ft.  of  full  frame  opening  of  windows  or 
doors  X  K 

O  —  Net  area  in  square  feet  of  roof,  floor  or  any  exposure 
not  included  above  X  K 

I  =  Lineal  feet  of  window  or  door  crack  X  infiltration  in 
cu.  ft.  per  hour  per  lineal  foot  of  crack  as  shown  in 
tables  X  .018 

K  is  the  coefficient  of  transmission  as  shown  in  the  tables 
for  the  particular  material. 

E  is  the  exposure  factor  as  shown  in  the  tables  for  the  par¬ 
ticular  locality  and  direction  of  exposure. 

Ti  is  the  desired  room  temperature. 

T0  is  the  base  temperature  as  shown  in  the  tables  for  the 
particular  locality. 

Ta  is  the  temperature  of  adjacent  spaces  of  a  different  tem¬ 
perature  from  Ti. 

R  is  the  number  of  heat  units  emitted  per  hour  by  one  square 
foot  of  radiation  as  shown  in  the  tables. 

The  application  of  the  formula  is  shown  on  pages  VIII 
and  IX. 


VII 


■ 


' 


- 


. 


. 


■ 


" 


\ 


EXAMPLE 


J 


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LAT/y  4/VJD  PLASTS  A  C&/L//VG  W/TH  UWH£AT£0 
AOOA  SAAC£  A&OY£ 

JLo  CA770W  —  Cm/CACtOjZlL. 

(For  Calculations  See  Page  IX) 


VIII 


EXAMPLE 


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AAE>  OUTS/&E  TEMPERATURE . 

23 


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30 


(7-24)  First  Revision  of  Page  31 — Destroy  Original 

Copyrighted  1924,  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association. 


RADIATOR  TRANSMISSION  FACTORS 


FOR  ROOM  TEMPERATURE  OF  70°  FAHR. 

AND  STEAM  PRESSURE  OF  1  LB.  GAUGE 

DIRECT  STEAM  RADIATION 

(Standard  3  Col.  38"  High)  =  225  B.T.U.  per  sq.  ft. 
MULTIPLY  BY  THE  FOLLOWING  FACTORS  FOR 
THE  EQUIVALENT  OF  3  Col.  38"  RADIATION  OF 


THE  FOLLOWING  TYPES. 

WALL  COIL  .75 

DOUBLE  WALL  COIL  .90 

CEILING  COIL  1.00 

WALL  RADIATOR  .82 

DOUBLE  WALL  RADIATORS  1.00 

WALL  RADIATOR  (Ceiling)  1.00 

INCREASE  SURFACE 
INDIRECT  STEAM  RADIATION  50% 


DIRECT  INDIRECT  STEAM  RADIATION  25% 

VAPOR  RADIATION :  Open  return  line  vapor  systems, 
on  which  thermostatic  traps  are  not  used,  require  10% 
to  20%  additional  surface  in  each  radiator  to  act  as  a  con¬ 
denser  and  prevent  the  flow  of  steam  into  the  return  main. 

HOT  WATER  RADIATION :  In  figuring  hot  water 
radiators,  assume  mean  temperature  of  the  water  in  the 
radiators  to  be  170°.  Under  this  condition  the  amount  of 
hot  water  radiating  surface  may  be  determined  by  adding 
50%  to  the  amount  of  steam  radiating  surface  figured. 


31 


RADIATOR  TRANSMISSION  FACTORS 


7?o  o  Tempera  TORE 

Stpapi  Pressure 

3 T£A^7  PaD/A  T / O/V 
O/RECT  PaD/A  TOR 

(3  TA  NO  A  PD  •  JCOJL .  J8  77/ &W) 
Wall  Co/l 
Dgu&le  Wall  Co/l 
Cs/l  wg  Co/l 
Wall  Rad /a tor 

Dqu&le  Wall  Pad/at ors 

Wall  Pao/atop  (Ce/l/no) 


70 L 'Fa 

I  Pound  Qauge 

2253.  TU.  Psr  * 

3C03.TU.Psp  * 
2503.TU  Psr# 
ZJ?53TU.P£p* 
273B.TU.Per  <fi 
225d.TU.Pzpf 
225B.TU.PsRf 

INCREASE  SuRPACl 

Ind/peg  t  S tea  p?  Pad/ a  t/on  SO  V* 

D/rectJnd/rzct  Steam  Pad /at/on  25% 

Vapop  Pad/at/on  :  Ope  a/  return  l/ne  vapop 

SrJTEM'S'j  ONWn/CH  THE P/y OS  TAT/ C  TP  A  AS 
APS  A /OT  USED,  PEaUJPE  /0  °/9  TO  J?O0/»  A  DO/ NONA/. 
v5  UP  PA  CE  /A/  EACH  RAO /A  TOP  TO  ACT  AS  A  CONDEMTf^ 
A  NO  PREVENT  THE  PLOW  OP  STEAM  /A/ TO  THE 

PE  TURN  A4A//V. 

Hot  Water  Palo/at/on  :  I  a/  p/o-ur/ng  Pot 

Water  Pap/ a  tors  assume  mean  temperature 

OF  THE  water  JN  the  RAD/ A  TOPS  TO  BE  J70° 

The  Amount  op  Hot  Water  Pao/a  t/no  surpace 
MAY  BE  DETER  M/NED  BY  ADD/NG  S0*/o  TO  THE 
AMOUNT  OPS  TEAM  PAJD/ATJNG  SURFACE  P/OUPED 


31 


. 

. 


. 

..  '  oV 

- 

' 

. 


(F 


Copyrighted  1926,  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Asssociation. 


CONVERSION  FACTORS 


s 

•  P*4 

*s 

o 

>» 

© 

u 


CM 

CO 

0) 

bo 

d 

Q- 


ROOM  TEMPERATURE 


TEMP. 

80 

75 

70 

65 

60 

55 

50 

45 

40 

—5 

1.219 

1.104 

1 

.903 

.811 

.725 

.646 

.572 

.498 

0 

1.228 

1.111 

1 

.896 

.801 

.712 

.628 

.549 

.472 

+5 

1.239 

1.119 

1 

.892 

.791 

.698 

.608 

.525 

.447 

+10 

1.253 

1.123 

1 

.886 

.780 

.680 

.586 

.498 

.415 

+  15 

1.269 

1.13 

1 

.878 

.765 

.659 

.569 

.465 

.375 

+20 

1.289 

1.14 

1 

.870 

.748 

.634 

.528 

.427 

.332 

+25 

1.312 

1.151 

1 

.859 

.728 

.604 

.489 

.380 

.277 

+30 

1.343 

1.166 

1 

.845 

.702 

.566 

.44 

.312 

.207 

+35 

1.380 

1.183 

1 

.829 

.669 

.519 

+40 

1.433 

1.21 

1 

.806 

.627 

.453 

+45 

1.504 

1.243 

1 

.773 

.561 

.363 

FORMULA 

^  ,  Tr  —  Tb  Ts 
Factor  =  — - 7^7-  X 


70 


70  —  Tb  ~  Ts  —  Tr 
Tr  =  Room  Temp. 

Tb  =  Base  Temp. 

Ts  =  215° 

To  calculate  amount  of  radiation  required  for  other 
room  temperatures  than  70°  compute  the  amount  for 
70°  and  multiply  by  the  factor  shown  corresponding 
to  room  temperature  desired  and  proper  base  tem¬ 
perature. 


32 


if' 


whtb'w 

^  SEP  21 1926 


A-  C.  WiLLARD 


A  ns 


CONVERSION  FACTORS  FOR  VARIOUS  TEMPERATURES 


Qo 

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(4-29)  Second  Revision  Part  1,  Page  33 — Destroy  First  Revision 

Copyrighted,  1929,  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association 


INFILTRATION 


Type  of  Opening 

Cubic 
Feet  per 
Hour  per 
Lin.  Ft. 
Crack 

Specific 

Heat 

Air 

Factor 

Double  Hung  Wood  Sash 

50 

.018 

0.9 

Same  with  Metal  Weather  Strip 

25 

.018 

0.45 

Stationary  Wood  Sash 

25 

.018 

0.45 

Double  Hung  Steel  Sash 

100 

.018 

1.8 

Same  with  Metal  Weather  Strip 

50 

.018 

0.9 

Rolled  Section  Steel  Window 

100* 

.018 

1.8 

Residential  Casement  Windows, Wood 

100 

.018 

1.8 

Same  with  Metal  Weather  Strip 

50 

.018 

0.9 

Residential  Casements,  Steel 

50 

.018 

0.9 

French  Doors 

100 

.018 

1.8 

Same  with  Metal  Weather  Strip 

50 

.018 

0.9 

Outside  Doors,  Residences 

100 

.018 

1.8 

Same  with  Metal  Weather  Strip 

50 

.018 

0.9 

Same  with  Storm  Doors 

50 

.018 

0.9 

Same  with  Inner  Vestibule  Doors 

50 

.018 

0.9 

Outside  Doors,  Stores,  etc. 

200 

.018 

3.6 

*  Per  foot  of  crack  of  ventilating  sash. 


Part  I 


33 


INFILTRATION 


7Y/=£  Of*  CRSJV/f/O 

K*| 

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0-9 

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ZS 

.c/a 

0.45 

Sta  77 om a p y  Wood  Sash 

zs 

.0/6 

0.46 

Dol/b/e/Zung  Steel  Sash 

/oo 

.0/6 

/•a 

SA/7E  W/TH  //ETAL  WEA.SrR/p 

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.0/6 

0.9 

/=£/vfrS7~f?A  Type  Sash 

/oo 

.0/8 

Ad 

Ca  CE/7EA/ T  W//VOOWS 

/oo 

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Sa/7E  W/T/i  P/E7AL  WeaJZP/P 

So 

.0/6 

0-9 

SPEf/CH  DOOPE 

/oo 

.0/8 

/•  6 

S/J/7E  IV/  TH  A/ETA/AWEA.  JYf/P 

So 

.0/6 

0.9 

outs/ee  Ojops 

Zoo 

S/6 

J-6 

SA/7E  /V/THT/EtftL  WfA.  S/A/P 

/oo 

.0/3 

/a 

Sa//e  /y/tp  Stop/7  £00  p 

/oo 

.0/6 

/a 

SAME  W/TP  Ta/pea  Wst  Ooop 

/oo 

.0/6 

A  6 

$ 

7 

(4-29)  Second  Revision  Part  1,  Page  34 — Destroy  First  Revision 

Copyrighted  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association,  1925 


NOTES  ON  INFILTRATION 


Storm  windows,  not  a  permanent  part  of  the  building,  reduce 
infiltration  approximately  50%. 

Fireplaces  without  dampers  increase  infiltration. 

The  factor  in  the  last  column  on  page  33  is  the  number  of 
B.t.u.s.  per  lineal  foot  of  crack  per  hour  per  degree  difference  in 
temperature.  This  should  be  multiplied  by  the  total  lineal  feet 
of  crack  to  obtain  the  I  used  in  the  formula  on  page  VII. 

With  three  or  more  exposures  and  exceptionally  good  construc¬ 
tion  an  arbitrary  reduction  not  to  exceed  25%  of  the  total  can  be 
made  in  the  infiltration  loss. 


34 


« 


(10-25)  First  Revision  Part  1,  Page  34 — Destroy  Original 

Copyrighted  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association,  1925. 


NOTES  ON  INFILTRATION 


Iff 


To  determine  the  lineal  crack  fpr  fenestra  sash  add 


the  perimeter  of  the  transormftr  ventilator  to  the  perimeter  of  the 


masonry  opening.  / 

Storm  windows,  not  ^  permanent  part  of  the  building,  reduce 
infiltration  approxir^tery^  50% . 

Fireplaces  without  dampers  increase  infiltration. 

The  factor  in  the  last  column  on  page  33  is  the  number  of 
B.t.u.s.  per  lineal  foot  of  crack  per  hour  per  degree  difference  in 
temperature.  'This  \lhould  be  multiplied  by  the  total  lineal  feet 
of  crack  to  obtain  the  I  used  in  the  formula  on  page  VII. 

With  three  eir  inore  exposures  and  exceptionally  good  construc¬ 
tion  an  arbitral  reduction  not  to  exceed  25%  of  the  total  lineal 
feet  of  crack  can  be  made  in  the  infiltration  loss. 


34 


- 


' 

•r  ..  V,  '  i:x  ciix\i 


•  •  ' .  •' 


NOTES  ON  INFILTRATION 


*}/ 


To  determine  the  lineal  feet  of  crack  for  fenestra  sash  add 
the  perimeter  of  the  transom  oi^ yentilator  to  the  perimeter  of  the 
masonry  opening. 


Storm  windows,  not  a 
infiltration  approximately 

Fireplaces  without  da 

The  factor  in  the  1 
B.t.u.s  per  lineal  foot 
temperature.  This  shd 


part  of  the  building,  reduce 


ncrease  infiltration. 

m  on  page  33  is  the  number  of 
k  per  hour  per  degree  difiference  in 
e  multiplied  by  the  total  lineal  feet 


of  crack  to  obtain  the  I  used  in  the  formula  on  page  VII. 


34 


EXPOSURE 


> 

v 

P$ 

*d 

C 

8 

4> 

CZ> 

>* 

8 


P 

I 

m 

o> 

WD  g 

rS  3 

P*  .2 

ti  I 

.2  3 


5  I 

*  I 

*2  § 


o 

/-v  O 

fs.  bfi 

tS  .s 
\  a 

O  S 


CITY 

Base 

Temp. 

POINTS  OF  COMPASS 

N 

NE 

E 

SE 

s 

SW 

W 

NW 

Albany . 

+  5° 

1.10 

1.10 

1.05 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.10 

1.10 

Baltimore . 

+30° 

1.40 

1.40 

1.30 

1.0 

1.30 

1.30 

1.40 

1.40 

Birmingham . 

o 

o 

CO 

+ 

1.15 

1.15 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.05 

1.15 

1.15 

Boston ...  . 

+15° 

1.30 

1.10 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.30 

1.30 

1.30 

Buffalo . 

0° 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.25 

1.40 

1.40 

1.40 

Chicago . 

+10° 

1.25 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.15 

1.35 

1.35 

1.35 

Cincinnati . 

+15° 

1.10 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.35 

1.35 

1.35 

1.20 

Cleveland . 

+  5° 

1.15 

1.08 

1.08 

1.0 

1.08 

1.15 

1.15 

1.15 

Denver* . 

+20° 

1.30 

1.30 

1.20 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.0 

1.30 

Detroit . 

0° 

1.10 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

Eastport,  Me . 

+10° 

1.45 

1.20 

1.20 

1.0 

1.0 

1.45 

1.45 

1.45 

Kansas  City,  Mo. . 

+15° 

1.45 

1.35 

1.0 

1.0 

1.10 

1.10 

1.45 

1.45 

Los  Angeles . 

+50° 

1.50 

1.50 

1.50 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.50 

1.50 

Madison,  Wis .... 

+  5° 

1.25 

1.15 

1.10 

1.0 

1.10 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

Memphis,  Tenn. . . 

+30° 

1.40 

1.20 

110 

1.0 

1.30 

1.30 

1.40 

1.40 

Milwaukee . 

+10° 

1.25 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.15 

1.35 

1.35 

1.35 

New  Orleans . 

+45° 

1.50 

1.40 

1.25 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.50 

1.50 

New  York . 

+10° 

1.50 

1.25 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.33 

1.50 

1.50 

Norfolk . 

+30° 

1.50 

1.30 

1.20 

1.0 

1.0 

1.20 

1.50 

1.50 

Philadelphia . 

+15° 

1.20 

1.10 

1.10 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.20 

1.20 

Pittsburgh . 

+15° 

1.30 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.30 

1.35 

1.35 

1.35 

Portland,  Ore . 

+25° 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

E0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

Providence,  R.  I . . 

+15° 

1.50 

1.25 

1.0 

1.0 

1.10 

1.25 

1.50 

1.50 

Richmond,  Va.  . . . 

+30° 

1.35 

1.25 

1.25 

1.0 

1.30 

1.30 

1.35 

1.35 

Salt  Lake  City. . . . 

+25° 

1.10 

1.0 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

1.0 

1.10 

1.10 

San  Antonio,  Tex . 

+45° 

1.70 

1.70 

1.40 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.70 

1.70 

San  Francisco .... 

+45° 

1.20 

1.20 

1.20 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.15 

St.  Louis . 

+20° 

1.30 

1.20 

1.0 

1.20 

1.20 

1.20 

1.30 

1.30 

St.  Paul . 

-  5° 

1.20 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.10 

1.20 

1.20 

Syracuse . 

0° 

1.10 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.05 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

Washington . 

+20° 

1.20 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.20 

1.20 

*  See  Page  36. 


35 


FEB  17  1928 
A.  C.  VVii-.L.ArtO 


(10-25)  Second  Revision  Page  35 — Destroy  First  Revision 

Copyrighted  1925,  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association. 


EXPOSURE 


CITY 

Base 

Temp. 

POINTS  OF  COMPASS 

N 

NE 

E 

SE 

s 

sw 

w 

NW 

Birmingham . 

+30° 

1.15 

1.15 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.05 

1.15 

1.15 

Boston . 

+15° 

1.30 

1.10 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.30 

1.30 

1.30 

Buffalo . 

0° 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.25 

1.40 

1.40 

1.40 

Chicago . 

+  5° 

1.20 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.10 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

Cincinnati . 

+15° 

1.10 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.35 

1.35 

1.35 

1.20 

Cleveland . 

+  5° 

1.15 

1.08 

1.08 

1.0 

1.08 

1.15 

1.15 

1.15 

Denver* . 

+20° 

1.30 

1.30 

1.20 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.0 

1.30 

Detroit . 

0° 

1.10 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

Eastport,  Me.  .  .  . 

+ 
1— ' ' 

o 

° 

1.45 

1.20 

1.20 

1.0 

1.0 

1.45 

1.45 

1.45 

Kansas  City,  Mo. 

+15° 

1.45 

1.35 

1.0 

1.0 

1.10 

1.10 

1.45 

1.45 

Los  Angeles . 

+50° 

1.50 

1JR 

yrn 

J.O 

1.0 

1.0 

1.50 

1.50 

Madison,  Wis . 

+  5° 

1.25 

1.13^ 

Ki y 

1.0 

1.10 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

Memphis,  Tenn.. . 

+30° 

1.40 

1.2<L 

k/L0 

1.0 

1.30 

1.30 

1.40 

1.40 

Milwaukee . 

+  5°i 

W 

ho 

1.0 

1.10 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

New  York . 

+10°[ 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.33 

1.50 

1.50 

Philadelphia . 

+15°\ 

1.10 

1.10 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.20 

1.20 

Pittsburgh . 

+15° 

OO 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.30 

1.35 

1.35 

1.35 

Portland,  Ore . 

+25° 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

Salt  Lake  City . 

+25° 

1.10 

1.0 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

1.0 

1.10 

1.10 

San  Ajitonio,  Tex. 

+45° 

1.70 

1.70 

1.40 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.70 

1.70 

San  Francisco .... 

+45° 

1.20 

1.20 

1.20 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.15 

St.  Louis . 

+20° 

1,30 

1.20 

1.0 

1.20 

1.20 

1.20 

1.30 

130 

St.  Paul . 

—  5° 

1.20 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.10 

1.20 

1.20 

Washington . 

+20° 

1.20 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0  1.0 

1.0 

1.20 

1.20 

See  Page  36. 


35 


. 

. 


.  • 


■ 


■ 


.  ..  •••  ■ 


S\ 


EXPOSURE 


*See  Page  36 


35 


EXPOSURE 


C/7-y 

$  * 

7^0/sY  T  S  o  z*'  cTS 

siS>*SS 

/V 

rtz 

E 

SE 

s 

Sto 

w 

HW 

&/?*////£// Afi 

i-Jo' 

/•/5 

A/S 

bo 

to 

AO 

(05 

A/S 

US 

3oSrO/v 

+15' 

/•Jo 

I/O 

AO 

AO 

AO 

/So 

A  So 

A3o 

o 

o* 

/  0 

/O 

/  0 

AO 

A2S 

/.4o 

b4o 

!4o 

Chicago 

+  I  o° 

Z25 

/.O 

AO 

AO 

ns 

133 

/■33 

/■33 

Glevsiaho 

+  5* 

US 

1.06 

/.oe 

Ao 

/■os 

us 

US 

A/S 

ArrHO/T 

o* 

I/O 

/O 

/-o 

AO 

A/O 

jrc 

A/O 

A/O 

A/jtw  Yo/?/< 

-MO* 

/■So 

125 

Ao 

Ao 

AO 

/■3J 

/So 

ASo 

Ffr/lAOElfWA 

+/f 

120 

I/O 

A/0 

AO 

AO 

AO 

A  20 

A20 

P/TTS&UAGH 

nr 

Ido 

f.o 

AO 

AO 

/So 

/.35 

/.35 

ASS 

Saa/Fxaa&sco 

•hs* 

A  2o 

120 

A20 

AO 

AO 

AO 

AO 

A/S 

Sr  4ot//S 

f2  0° 

l-So 

1 20 

AO 

no 

A  20 

bio 

/■3o 

ASo 

Sr  7**4  01* 

-Sc 

A20 

AO 

A  0 

AO 

A  0 

no 

no 

AXO 

Wash/mgtow 

+ 20 * 

120 

AO 

/  0 

AO 

A  O 

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A  20 

/.zo 

/ 

,,  -/ 

■  u 

r  M  ■»* 

* 

V  ■ 


♦ 


NOTES  ON  EXPOSURE 


g 

H) 


*E 


o 


o 

tM 

to 

<u 

Q 

I 

CO 


►» 


On 


1 

*5) 


o. 


U 


DENVER — Base  temperature  and  exposure  factors 
based  on  actual  Weather  Bureau  records  but  due  to  rapid 
changes  and  high  altitude  square  feet  of  radiation  in 
Standard  Radiation  Estimating  Table  are  figured  on  200 
B.t.u.  emission  instead  of  225  B.t.u. 


36 


- 

; 


' 


. 


36 


(f '* 


ENCLOSED  RADIATOR  FACTORS 


37 


(9 


ENCLOSED  RADIATOR  FACTORS 


AfOT£:  WH£K£  AFLAT  J'MFL  F  /  S  F>L  A  C  SO 
OV£A  COLL/FfA/  KAD/AT/O/V  A  GUF.VSO 
OSFLFCTOF  SHoyj-  O  0£  fH  STALLED  as 
SMO  K//V. 

W//EFE  g-sl/lles.  AA>i r  sfowm  TUEy  A*E  TO 
£E  F LULL  LS/VGTH  OF  KAO/ A  TOR  AMD  OES/CrMSO  W/TF 
/yo  T  LESS  TFAMk  /tf* MSTAKEA  FEK  $  OF  HEATJUO  SVKF4CE 
FDA  /A/L£T}  AA/D  Z^MET  AKEA  FE/%  $  OF  ME  A  T//V&  S  UK  FACE 
Fort  Q'CJ  TLET. 


38 


ENCLOSED  RADIATOR  FACTORS 


39 


r 


ENCLOSED  RADIATOR  FACTORS 


40 


<• 


't' 


Copyrighted  IQ24 ,  hy  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Associatit 


HOW  TO  USE  TABLE 


Figure  from  the  plans  the  number  of  square  feet  of  wall 
and  glass  and  lineal  feet  of  crack  for  each  exposure.  Find  the 
5)  nearest  corresponding  quantity  in  appropriate  column.  Then 
read  horizontally  to  extreme  left  or  right  hand  column  for 
square  feet  of  radiation  required.  Add  additional  amount 
for  exposure  as  shown  in  upper  right  hand  square  of  sheet. 

For  example,  for  New  York  City:  70  sq.  ft.  12  inch  plain 
brick  wall.  Then  reading  down  the  column  (Plain  Brick  12") 
nearest  corresponding  figure  in  table  is  70.2  and  then  going 
horizontally  to  extreme  left  or  right  gives  6  sq.  ft.  of  38" 
3  col.  radiation.  If  wall  faces  north  multiply  by  1.50  making 
9  sq,  ft.  actually  required. 

If  same  wall  has  30  sq.  ft.  of  glass  or  door,  nearest  corres¬ 
ponding  amount  under  glass  is  30.7  which  equals  9  sq.  ft. 
times  exposure  as  above  equals  13.5  sq.  ft.  If  window  has 
39  ft.  of  crack  and  is  double  hung  wood  sash  without  weather 
strip  the  amount  falls  between  37.6  and  41.7  or  934  sq.  ft.  of 
radiation.  Multiplying  by  1.50  for  exposure  equals  1434  sq. 

8  feet  of  radiation. 

The  3  quantities  of  radiation  9,  13.5  and  14.25  equal  36.75 
or  for  simplicity  37  sq.  ft.  is  the  total  amount  of  radiation 
required  for  this  exposure. 

The  3  quantities  for  any  one  exposure  can  be  added  together 
and  then  multiplied  by  the  exposure  factor  to  obtain  the  same 
result.  No  exposure  factor  is  to  be  used  for  roofs,  floors, 
ceilings  or  partitions  or  skylights  unless  skylights  are  vertical 
or  practically  vertical. 

Note:  The  exposure  factor  used  in  this  example  is  for  New  York  City.  See 
the  estimating  table  for  your  city,  or  for  city  for  which  estimate  is 
desired,  for  exposure  factor  required. 

This  sheet  is  to  accompany  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National 
Association  Standard  Radiation  Estimating  Table. 


41 


. 


INSULATION 


8 

©> 


UJ 

Ih 

O 

O 

ri 


bO 

c 

‘a 

E 


T2 


CORK 

TYPE  OF  WALL 

THICKNESS 

1" 

1M" 

2" 

Brick  Wall  (with  Insulation  and 
Plaster) 

8"  Brick . 

.18 

.14 

.11 

12"  Brick . 

.15 

.12 

.10 

16"  Brick . 

.14 

.11 

.10 

Brick  and  Hollow  Tile  (with  Insula¬ 
tion  and  Plaster) 

4"  Brick,  4"  Tile . 

.15 

.12 

.10 

4"  Brick,  8"  Tile . 

.14 

.11 

.09 

4"  Brick,  12"  Tile . 

.12 

.09 

.08 

Standard  Frame  (with  Insulation  as 

plaster  base) . 

.13 

.11 

.09 

Part  I. 


42 


. 


Copyrighted,  1928,  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association. 


INSULATION 


FIBRE 

BOARD 

TYPE  OF  WALL 

THICKNESS 

lA" 

1" 

Brick  Wall  (Furred,  Insu¬ 
lated  and  Plastered) 

8"  Brick . 

.19 

.15 

12"  Brick . 

.17 

.14 

16"  Brick . 

.16 

.13 

Brick  and  Hollow  Tile 
(Furred,  Insulated  and 
Plastered) 

4"  Brick,  4"  Tile.... 

.15 

.12 

4"  Brick,  8"  Tile.... 

.14 

.11 

4"  Brick,  12"  Tile.  .  .. 

.11 

.10 

Standard  Frame  (Insulated 
and  Plastered  —  Fibre 
Board  used  as  plaster  base) 

.18 

.14 

Standard  Frame  (Fibre 
Board  replacing  paper  and 
sheathing) . 

.27 

.19 

1 

Part  I. 


43 


Copyrighted,  1928,  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association. 


INSULATION 


CORK  BOARD 

|  FIBRE 

BOARD 

TYPE  OF 

ROOF  OR  CEILING 

THICKNESS 

THICKNESS 

1" 

i  w 

2" 

V? 

l" 

Plaster  Ceiling  with 
wood  floor  above 
with  insulation  as 
plaster  base . 

.15 

.12 

.10 

.20 

.15 

Plaster  Ceiling  with 
roof  space  above  with 
insulation  as  plaster 
base . 

.19 

.14 

.12 

.28 

.19 

Tile  or  Slate  Roof 
with  paper  on  wood 
sheathing . 

.17 

.13 

.11 

.24 

.17 

Tile  or  Slate  Roof 

on  wood  sheathing . . 

.22 

.16 

.13 

.36 

.22 

Shingle  Roof  on  Sheath¬ 

ing  and  Studding  . .  . 

.17 

.13 

.11 

.24 

.17 

Part  I. 


44 


t 


. 


. 


Rolled^  Section 


Strip  Deducts  50'S 


HEATING  AND  PIPING  CONTRACTORS  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION 

STANDARD  RADIATION  ESTIMATING  TABLE 


SHOWING  RADIATION  REQUIRED  FOR  QUANTITIES  INDICATED 

Copyright  1927.  by  Hooting  and  Piping  Contractor.  Notional  Association.  For  Othor  Con.tructioo  than  that  Shown  Sea  Heating  and  Piping  Contractor  Nal 


I  Association  Engineering  Standards. 


CHICAGO 

(Also  MILWAUKEE,  WIS. 

TEMPERATURE  FACTORS 
Room  Temperature  70°=T, 

Base  Temperature  +10°=T„ 

Base  Temp.  -fTO  Equivalent  to 
Guarantee  Temp,  of  — 5°  Outside 


EXPOSURE  FACTORS 
N  1.25  S  1.15 

NE  1.00  SW  1.35 

E  1.00  W  1.35 

SE  1.00  NW  1.35 


3  Col 

CLASS 

INFILTRATION 

O  U 

T  S 

I  D 

E 

W  A 

L  L 

S 

ROOF 

Base  Floor 

Interm’e  Floor 

Ceiling 

Partition 

Tjp. 

St’m 

Rad 

Win. 

Sky 

Rate  per  Lin.  Ft. 

Plain  Brick 

Brick  and  PI. 

Brick  Fur. 

L.  P. 

Br.  4"  Tile  Pl. 

Plain  Cone. 

Cone.  Fur  L.  P. 

Fs?dme 

Frame 

No 

FlNo16 
L.  P. 

T&G 

1 '  Bd. 

T&G 

on  4 
Cone. 

Sh’gle 

Sh’gle 

Sh’g 

L.  P. 

Cone. 

Earth 

Wood 

Sleep. 

ol 

4 'Cone. 
3"  Fill 

1 "  Fin. 

Double 

Wood 

Lath 

Plas. 

L&P 
Wo.  FI. 
Over 

Stud 

L&P 

1  Side 

Stud 

L&P 

Kind 

Door 

25 

50 

100 

200 

8" 

12" 

16" 

8" 

12" 

16" 

8" 

12" 

16" 

4" 

8" 

12" 

8" 

12" 

16" 

8" 

12" 

16" 

Sh’g 

Sh’g 

2  Side 

Thick. 

1  1 

1.3 

0  45 

0  9 

18 

3.6 

42 

32 

.26 

38 

29 

.25 

.27 

.23 

.21 

.30 

.26 

.22 

.60 

48 

41 

.50 

40 

.34 

.24 

.31 

.35 

.30 

.60 

.40 

30 

31 

“TlT 

.20 

.15 

20 

.49 

.28 

60 

.33 

K 

225  1 

66.0 

78.0 

27.0 

54.  C 

108 

216 

25.2 

19.2 

15.6 

22.8 

17.4 

15.0 

16.2 

13.8 

12.6 

18  0 

15  6 

13.2 

36.0 

28.8 

24.6 

30.0 

24.0 

20.4 

14.4 

18.6 

21.0 

18.0 

36.0 

24.0 

18.0 

9.3 

3.9 

6.0 

4.5 

6  0 

14.7 

8.4 

18.0 

9  9 

K(T,-T.) 

3.41 

2.89 

8.34 

4.17 

2.08 

1.04 

8.93 

11.7 

14.4 

9.9 

12.9 

15.0 

13.9 

16.2 

17.  S 

12.5 

14.4 

17  0 

6.25 

7.82 

9.15 

7.5 

9.38 

11.0 

15.6 

12.1 

10.7 

12.5 

6.25 

9.38 

12.5 

24.2 

57.7 

37.5 

50.0 

37.5 

15.3 

26.8 

12.5 

22.7 

1 

l 

6.82 

5.78 

16 .7 

8.34 

4.16 

2.08 

17.9 

23.4 

28.8 

19.8 

25.8 

30.0 

27.8 

32.4 

35.  t 

25.0 

28.8 

34.0 

12.5 

15.6 

18.3 

15.0 

18.8 

22.0 

31.2 

24.2 

21.4 

25.0 

12.5 

18.8 

25.0 

48.4 

115 

75.0 

100 

75.0 

30.6 

53.6 

25.0 

45.4 

2 

3 

10.2 

8.67 

25.0 

12.5 

6.24 

3.12 

26.8 

35.1 

43.2 

29.7 

38.7 

45.0 

41.7 

48.6 

53.7 

37.5 

43.2 

51.0 

18.8 

23.5 

27.5 

22.5 

28.1 

33  0 

46.8 

36.3 

32.1 

37.5 

18.8 

28.1 

37.5 

72.6 

173 

113 

150 

113 

45.9 

80.4 

37.5 

68.1 

3 

4 

13.6 

11.6 

33.4 

16.7 

8.32 

4.16 

35.7 

46.8 

58.6 

39.6 

51.6 

60.0 

55.6 

64.8 

71. f 

50.0 

57  6 

68  0 

25.0 

31.3 

36.6 

30.0 

37.5 

44.0 

62.4 

48.4 

42.8 

50.0 

25.0 

,37.5 

50.0 

96.8 

231 

150 

200 

150 

61.2 

107 

50.0 

90.8 

4 

5 

17.1 

14.5 

41.7 

20.8 

10.4 

5.20 

44  7 

58.5 

72.0 

49.5 

64.5 

75.0 

69.5 

81.0 

89.5 

62.5 

72  0 

85  0 

31.3 

39.1 

45.8 

37.5 

46  9 

55.0 

78.0 

60.5 

53.5 

62.5 

31.3 

46.9 

62.5 

121 

289 

188 

250 

188 

76.5 

134 

62.5 

114 

5 

6 

20.5 

17.3 

50.0 

25.0 

12.5 

6.24 

53.6 

70.2 

86.4 

59.4 

77.4 

90.0 

83.4 

97.2 

107 

75  0 

86  4 

102 

37.5 

47.0 

54  9 

45.0 

56.3 

66.0 

93.6 

72.6 

64.2 

75.0 

37.5 

56.3 

75.0 

145 

346 

225 

300 

225 

91.8 

161 

75.0 

136 

6 

7 

23.9 

20.2 

58.4 

29.2 

14.6 

7.28 

62.5 

81.9 

101 

69.3 

90.3 

105 

97.3 

113 

125 

87.5 

101 

119 

43.8 

54.7 

64.1 

52  5 

65.7 

77.0 

109 

84.7 

74.9 

87.5 

43.8 

65.7 

87.5 

169 

404 

263 

350 

263 

107 

188 

87.5 

159 

7 

8 

27.3 

23.1 

66.7 

33.4 

16.6 

8.32 

71.4 

93.6 

115 

79.2 

103 

120 

111 

130 

143 

100 

115 

136 

50.0 

62.6 

73.2 

60.0 

75.0 

88.0 

125 

96.8 

85.6 

100 

50.0 

75.0 

100 

194 

462 

300 

400 

300 

122 

214 

100 

182 

8 

9 

30.7 

26.0 

75.1 

37.6 

18  7 

9.36 

80.4 

105 

130 

89.1 

116 

135 

125 

146 

161 

113 

130 

153 

56.3 

70.4 

82.4 

67.5 

84.4 

99.0 

140 

109 

96.3 

113 

56.3 

84.4 

113 

218 

519 

338 

450 

338 

138 

241 

113 

204 

9 

10 

34  1 

29.0 

83.4 

41.7 

20.8 

10.4 

89:3 

117 

144 

99.0 

129 

150 

139 

162 

179 

125 

144 

170 

62.6 

78.2 

91.5 

r“75.o 

93.8 

110 

156 

121 

107 

125 

62.6 

93.8 

125 

242 

577 

375 

500 

375 

153 

268 

125 

227 

10 

11 

37.6 

31.8 

91.8 

45.9 

22.9 

11.4 

98.2 

129 

158 

109 

142 

165 

153 

178 

197 

138 

158 

187 

68.8 

86.0 

101 

82.5 

103 

121 

172 

133 

118 

138 

68.8 

103 

138 

266 

635 

413 

550 

413 

168 

295 

138 

250 

11 

12 

40  9 

34  7 

100 

50.0 

25.0 

12.5 

107 

140 

173 

119 

155 

180 

167 

194 

215 

150 

173 

204 

75.0 

93.8 

110 

90.0 

113 

132 

187 

145 

128 

150 

75.0 

113 

150 

290 

692 

450 

600 

450 

184 

322 

150 

272 

12 

13 

44.3 

37.6 

108 

54.2 

27.0 

13.5 

116 

152 

187 

129 

168 

195 

181 

211 

233 

163 

187 

221 

81.3 

102 

1T91 

97.5 

122 

143 

203 

157 

139 

163 

81.3 

122 

163 

315 

750 

488 

650 

488 

199 

348 

163 

295 

13 

14 

47.7 

40.5 

117 

58.4 

29.1 

14.6 

125 

164 

202 

139 

181 

210 

195 

227 

251 

175 

202 

238 

87.5 

109 

128 

105 

131 

154 

218 

169 

150 

175 

87.5 

131 

175 

339 

808 

525 

700 

525 

214 

375 

175 

318 

14 

15 

51.2 

43.4 

125 

62.6 

31.2 

15.6 

134 

176 

216 

149 

194 

225 

209 

243 

269 

188 

216 

255 

93.8 

117 

137 

113 

141 

165 

234 

182 

161 

188 

93.8 

141 

188 

363 

866 

563 

750 

563 

230 

402 

188 

341 

15 

lb 

54.6 

46.2 

133 

66.7 

33.3 

16.6 

143 

187 

230 

158 

206 

240 

222 

259 

286 

200 

230 

272 

100 

125 

146 

120 

150 

176 

250 

194 

171 

200 

100 

150 

200 

387 

923 

600 

800 

600 

245 

429 

200 

363 

1G 

17 

58.0 

49.1 

142 

70.9 

35  4 

17.7 

152 

199 

245 

168 

219 

255 

236 

275 

304 

213 

245 

289 

106 

133 

156 

128 

159 

187 

265 

206 

182 

213 

106 

159 

213 

411 

981 

638 

850 

638 

260 

456 

213 

386 

17 

T8 

61  4 

52.0 

150 

75.1 

37.4 

18.7 

161 

211 

259 

178 

232 

270 

250 

292 

322 

225 

259 

306 

113 

141 

165 

135 

169 

198 

281 

218 

193 

225 

113 

169 

225 

436 

1039 

675 

900 

675 

275 

482 

225 

409 

18 

19 

I  64. 8 

54.9 

158 

79.2 

39.5 

19.7 

170 

222 

274 

188 

245 

285 

264 

308 

340 

238 

274 

323 

119 

149 

174 

143 

178 

209 

296 

230 

203 

238 

119 

178 

238 

460 

1096 

713 

950 

713 

291 

509 

238 

431 

19 

20 

68.2 

57.8 

167 

83.4 

41.6 

20.8 

179 

234 

288 

198 

258 

300 

278 

324 

358 

250 

288 

340 

125 

156 

183 

150 

188 

220 

312 

242 

214 

250 

125 

188 

250 

484 

1154 

750 

1000 

750 

306 

536 

250 

454 

20 

21 

71.6 

60.7 

175 

87.6 

43.7 

21.8 

187 

246 

[302 

208 

271 

315 

292 

340 

376 

263 

302 

357 

131 

164 

192 

158 

197 

231 

328 

254 

225 

263 

131 

197 

263 

508 

1212 

788 

1050 

788 

321 

563 

263 

477 

21 

22 

75  0 

63  6 

183 

91.7 

45.8 

22.9 

196 

257 

317 

218 

284 

330 

306 

356 

394 

275 

317 

374 

138 

172 

201 

165 

206 

242 

343 

266 

235 

275 

138 

206 

275 

532 

1269 

825 

1100 

825 

337 

590 

275 

499 

22 

23 

78  4 

66.5 

192 

96.0 

47.8 

23.9 

205 

269 

331 

228 

297 

345 

320 

373 

412 

288 

331 

391 

144 

180 

210 

173 

216 

253 

359 

278 

246 

288 

144 

216 

288 

557 

1327 

863 

1150 

863 

352 

616 

288 

522 

23 

24 

81.8 

69  4 

200 

100 

49.9 

25.0 

214 

281 

346 

238 

310 

360 

334 

389 

430 

300 

346 

408 

150 

188 

220 

180 

225 

264 

374 

290 

257 

300 

150 

225 

300 

581 

1385 

900 

1200 

900 

367 

643 

300 

545 

24 

25 

85.3 

72.3 

209 

104 

52.0 

26.0 

223 

293 

360 

248 

323 

375 

348 

405 

448 

313 

360 

425 

156 

196 

229 

188 

235 

275 

390 

303 

268 

313 

156 

235 

313 

605 

1443 

938 

1250 

938 

383 

670 

313 

568 

25 

For  Methods  of  Using  Table  See  Accompanying  Sheet. 


;  Figured  on  Bagig  of  K  fid: 


INFILTRATION 


Veather  Strip  Deduct*  50% 


HEATING  AND  PIPING  CONTRACTORS  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION 

STANDARD  RADIATION  ESTIMATING  TABLE 


right  1924,  by  Heating  and  Pipin 


SHOWING  RADIATION  REQUIRED  FOR  QUANTITIES  INDICATED 

tractors  National  Association.  For  Other  Construction  than  that  Shown  Sea  Heating  anil  Piping  Contractors  Nation 


TEMPERATURE  FACTORS 
Room  Temperature  70°=T, 

Base  Temperature  -j-5°=;Tn 

Base  Temp.  -f-5°  Equivalent  to 
Guarantee  Temp,  of  — 10  Outside 


EXPOSURE  FACTORS 
N  1.20  S  1.10 

NE  1.00  SW  1.25 

E  1.00  W  1.25 

SE  1.00  NW  1.25 


3  Col 
38" 
St’m 
Rad 

225 


GLASS 


INFILTRATION 


Win 


or  Sky  Rate  per  Lin.  Ft. 

Door  L,eht  25  50  100  |  200 

3  i  0  45  0  9  18  36 


1  1 


71.5 


29.3  58.5 


117 


23.4 


OUTSIDE 


WALLS 


Plain  Brick 

8"  12"  16" 

42  32  26 


Brick  Fur.  L.  P. 


12”  |  16"  i  8" 

38  29  25  27 


12"  16" 
.23  !  21 


18.8 


17.5 


12"  16" 
.48 


31  2  26.61  32.5 


Cone.  Fur  L.  P. 


12"  16" 
40  34 


Frame' 

Sh’g 


FN™e 

L.  P 


Sh’gle  Sh’gle 
on  Sh’g 
Sh’g  L.  P. 


Base^ Floor  Interm’e  Floor  Ceiling  j  Partition 


Earth  Sleep. 

31  13 


39.0 


4" Cone. L  ..  i 
4  3-  Fi||  Double 

Cone.  |  ,  »  pin  |  Wood  |! 

20 


'  Fil1  WJ 

» Fi„.  Wood 

■  -W  |  Tl5~l~20' 

6.5  4.87  6.5 


Lath  L&  P  Stud  Stud 
and  Wo.  FI.  L&P  L&P 
Plas.  Over  1  Side  2  Side 


Thick. 

~k~ 

K(Tt-To) 

T 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 


8.25 
16.5 
24.7 
33.0 
4.82  41.2 


5.77 


8.65 

17.3 

25.9 

34.6 

43.2 


5.7  49.5 

6.72  57. 
7.68 
8.64 
9  60 


50.7 

59.1 

67.6 

76.0 

84.5 


86.4 

100 

115 

129 

144 


90.7 

99  0 
107 
115 
123 


92.9 

101 


152  124  155 


20  1 

21.1 
22.0 
23  0 
24.0 


•  These  Items  Figured  on  Basis  of  K 


For  Methods  of  Using  Table  See  Accompanying  Sheet. 


PART  II. 


NET  SQUARE  FEET  RADIATION  LOADS  IN 
70°  FAHRENHEIT,  RECOMMENDED  FOR 
LOW  PRESSURE  HEATING  BOILERS. 


■  :  •  "  . •'  !  '  .  ■ 


FOREWORD 


ALLOWANCES 

THE  net  loads  recommended  for  direct  cast  iron  column 
radiation  includes  allowances  for  heat  loss  of  piping 
system,  morning  peak  load  and  attention  factor.  When 
the  actual  surface,  in  square  feet,  of  the  piping  system  ex- 
ceeds  20  per  cent  of  the  direct  cast  iron  column  radiation 
additional  allowance  should  be  made  for  the  extra  surface. 

BOILER  LOADS 

The  net  loads  recommended  in  chart  for  boilers  is  based 
upon  the  use  of  bituminous  coal  having  a  heat  value  of  12,000 
B.  T.  U.  for  sizes  up  to  520  square  feet  net  load,  and  11,000 
B.  T.  U.  for  all  ratings  over  520  square  feet  net  load.  When 
the  coal  to  be  used  has  a  heat  value  less  than  11,000  or  12,000 
B.  T.  U.  the  direct  cast  iron  column  radiation  shall  be  multi¬ 
plied  by  the  factor  corresponding  to  the  heat  value  of  the 
coal  used. 


Factors  to  be  used  in  determining  boiler  size  where  the  heat  value 
of  fuel  is  other  than  12,000  B.  T.  U. 


Heat  Value  of  Coal 

In  B.  T.  U.  Per  Lb. 

Factor  For  Net  Loads 

Under  520  Sq.  Ft. 

12,000 

1.00 

11,500 

1.04 

11,000 

1.09 

10,500 

1.14 

10,000 

1.20 

Factors  to  be  used  in  determining  boiler  size  when  the  heat  value  of 
fuel  is  other  than  11,000  B.  T.  U. 


Heat  Value  of  Coal 

In  B.  T.  U.  Per  Lb. 

Factors  For  Net  Loads 

Over  520  Sq.  Ft. 

11,000 

1.00 

10,500 

1.05 

10,000 

1.10 

9,500 

1.16 

9,000 

1.22 

8,500 

1.30 

8,000 

1.38 

I. 


FOREWORD. 


to 

£ 

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>> 

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+-> 

CO 

<L> 

Q 

i 

KH 


<U 

bJO 

aj 

Pi 


*> 

4> 

Pi 


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£ 


RULES  FOR  COMPUTING  NET  BOILER  LOADS  FOR 
EQUIVALENT  DIRECT  CAST  IRON 
COLUMN  RADIATION 

Direct  Cast  Iron  Radiation 

It  is  assumed  that  Direct  Cast  Iron  Column  Radiation  will 
emit  225  B.  T.  U.  per  hour  per  square  foot  of  surface  for  steam, 
and  150  B.  T.  U.  per  hour  per  square  foot  of  surface  for  water, 
therefore  all  radiation  must  be  reduced  to  this  heat  emission 
basis. 

Rule  for  Computing  Net  Boiler  Loads  for  Other  Than  Cast 
Iron  Column  Radiation 

Reduce  to  equivalent  cast  iron  column  radiation  by  adding 
25%  to  pipe  coils  or  cast  iron  wall  radiators  on  side  walls  and 
direct-indirect  radiation,  and  50%  to  indirect  radiation  without 
fan. 

Rule  for  Computing  Net  Boiler  Loads  for  Lower  Inside 
Temperatures  Than  70°  F. 

If  building  is  to  be  heated  to  less  than  70°  multiply  the 
equivalent  net  C.  I.  column  radiation  load  by  the  following 
factors  for  proper  net  boiler  load : 


Steam 

Water 

70° 

1. 

1. 

65° 

1.03 

1.03 

60° 

1.07 

1.07 

55° 

1.10 

1.10 

50° 

1.13 

1.13 

45° 

1.17 

1.17 

40° 

1.20 

1.20 

Rule  for  Computing  Boiler  Size  for  Hot  Blast  Coils 

For  computing  boiler  size  to  be  used  for  Hot  Blast  Coils  use 
manufacturer’s  condensation  chart  and  figure  .375  lb.  of  con¬ 
densation  per  hour  as  equivalent  to  one  square  foot  of  direct 
column  radiation. 

Rules  for  Computing  Boiler  Size  for  Unit  Heaters 

For  boiler  size  to  be  used  on  unit  heater  for  recirculating  air, 
base  unit  heater  on  amount  of  equivalent  direct  radiation 
required. 

Rule  for  Computing  Boiler  Size  for  Heating  Water  for 
Domestic  Use 

When  water  for  domestic  use  is  heated  by  heating  boiler,  by 
means  of  coil  in  firebox  or  steam  coil  in  storage  tank,  size  of 

II. 


. 


Copyright  1928,  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association. 


FOREWORD. 


cti 

.s 

[bp 

'u 

o 


>> 

o 

u. 

4-* 

XIX 

0) 


<v 

bJD 


boiler  should  be  increased,  figuring  each  gallon  of  water  tank 
capacity  as  equivalent  to  two  square  feet  of  steam  radiation 
or  three  square  feet  of  hot  water  radiation. 

For  example,  a  160-gallon  tank  should  be  figured  as  equiva¬ 
lent  to  320  square  feet  of  steam  radiation  or  480  square  feet 
of  hot  water  radiation. 

When  water  for  domestic  use  is  heated  by  submerged 
heater  with  storage  tank  figure  each  gallon  tank  capacity  as 
equivalent  to  one-half  square  foot  of  direct  radiation. 

For  submerged  heaters  without  storage  tank,  size  of  boiler 
to  be  increased  as  follows:  For  each  gallon  of  water  to  be 
heated  per  hour  add  four  square  feet  of  direct  radiation. 

Rule  for  Computing  Net  C.  I.  Column  Radiation  Equivalent 
Load  for  Boilers  Selected  from  Net  Load  Chart 

EXAMPLE— 

(1)  500  sq.  ft.  of  direct  cast  iron  column  radiation  in  room 
to  be  heated  to  70°  F. 

(2)  500  sq.  ft.  of  direct  cast  iron  column  radiation  in  room 
to  be  heated  to  50°  F. 

(3)  500  sq.  ft.  of  cast  iron  wall  radiation  or  wall  pipe  coils 
in  room  to  be  heated  to  50°  F. 

(4)  500  sq.  ft.  of  gravity  indirect  radiation. 

(5)  500  sq.  ft.  of  direct-indirect  radiation. 

(6)  250-gal.  hot  water  tank.  Water  to  be  heated  with 
steam  coil. 

(7)  500  sq.  ft.  of  cast  iron  hot  blast  radiation,  having  a 
condensation  rate  of  1.92  lbs.  of  steam  per  hour  per 
sq.  ft.  with  incoming  air  at  — 10°  F. 

SOLUTION— 


(1)  500  sq.  ft.  x  1.0 .  500  sq.  ft. 

(2)  500  sq.  ft.  x  1.13 .  565  “  “ 

(3)  500  sq.  ft.  x  1.25x1.13  .  707  “  “ 

(4)  500  sq.  ft.  x  1.5 .  750  “  “ 

(5)  500  sq.  ft.  x  1.25 .  625  “  “ 

(6)  250  gal.  x  2  .  500  “  “ 

(7)  (500x1.92)  divided  by  .375 . 2560  “  “ 


C.  I.  column  radiation  equivalent  load . 6207  sq.  ft. 


CHIMNEYS 

Due  to  the  wide  variation  in  boiler  design,  the  length  and 
nature  of  the  gas  passage,  the  nature  of  the  fuel  burned  and 
the  rate  of  combustion  all  of  which  affects  directly  the  draft 
pressure  required,  it  is  recommended  that  the  chimney  sizes 

III. 


■ 


. 


■ 


. 

' 


FOREWORD. 


03 

.5 

'So 


o 

4-> 

in 

a> 


<U 

bD 

03 

& 

c 

o 


given  by  the  various  manufacturers  for  their  boilers  be  used 
for  both  round  and  square  sectional  cast  iron  boilers.  It  is 
advisable  that  chimney  have  approximately  25  per  cent  excess 
area  of  smoke  collar  on  the  boiler. 

A  poor  draft  means  imperfect  combustion,  therefore  it  is 
highly  important  that  all  boilers  be  attached  to  chimneys 
providing  sufficient  draft  to  consume  with  proper  combustion 
the  required  amount  of  fuel  per  hour. 

It  is  also  important  that  the  chimney  be  so  located  with 
reference  to  adjacent  buildings  or  objects  nearby  that  draft 
will  not  be  interfered  with. 

Round  flues  will  give  a  better  draft  than  a  square  or  other 
rectangular  shape,  having  the  same  cross-sectional  area. 
Round  flues  are  recommended  where  it  is  practical  to  ob¬ 
tain  them. 

To  secure  the  most  satisfactory  draft  conditions,  the  area 
and  the  height  of  a  chimney  must  be  proportioned  to  the 
size  and  character  of  heating  appliance  attached  to  it  and  all 
flue  chimney  connections  made  perfectly  tight. 

To  Determine  Net  Loads  for  Boilers  Having  a  Grate  Width 
Other  Than  in  Tables 

EXAMPLE — To  find  the  net  load  for  a  boiler  80  inches 
long  having  grate  40^4  inches  wide. 

SOLUTION — Table  (Page  8)  gives  net  load  for  boiler  80 
inches  long  and  grate  40  inches  wide  and  41  inches  wide. 
Therefore,  the  40}4  inch  grate  width  will  carry  one  fourth 
the  difference  between  the  net  loads  given  in  table  for  grates 
40  and  41  inches  in  width  or  in  this  case : 

Net  load  for  boiler  with  a  41  inch  grate  and  80 
inches  long  is . 3993  sq.  ft. 

Net  load  for  boiler  with  a  40  inch  grate  and  80 
inches  long  . 3870  sq.  ft. 

Difference  .  123  sq.  ft. 

in  net  load  for  1  inch  of  grate  width  for  a  boiler  80  inches  long. 
Therefore,  J4  inch  in  grate  width  would  equal  one  fourth  of 
123  or  30.75  sq.  ft.  which  added  to  3870  sq.  ft.  gives  net  load 
of  3900.75  sq.  ft.  for  a  boiler  80  inches  long  having  a  grate 
width  of  40/4  inches. 

To  Determine  Net  Load  for  Boiler  Having  a  Length  Other 
Than  Given  in  Tables 

EXAMPLE — To  find  the  net  load  for  a  boiler  having  a 
length  81  inches  and  grate  width  of  40  inches. 

IV. 


FOREWORD. 


SOLUTION — Table  (Page  8)  gives  net  loads  for  boilers 
having  lengths  of  80  and  82  inches  with  grate  width  of  40 
inches.  Therefore,  the  boiler  81  inches  in  length  will  carry 
one  half  the  difference  between  the  net  loads  given  in  the 
table  for  the  80  inch  length  and  82  inch  length  or  in  this  case : 

Net  load  for  boiler  82  inches  long  and  40  inch  grate 

is  . 3997  sq.  ft. 

Net  load  for  boiler  80  inches  long  and  40  inch  grate 
is  . 3870  sq.  ft. 

Difference  .  127  sq.  ft. 

for  2  inches  in  boiler  length.  Therefore,  1  inch  in  length 
would  equal  one  half  of  127  sq.  ft.  or  63.5  sq.  ft.,  which  added 
to  3870  sq.  ft.  gives  a  net  load  of  3933.5  sq.  ft.  for  a  boiler  81 
inches  long  having  a  grate  width  of  40  inches. 

RECOMMENDATIONS 

It  is  recommended  that  no  boiler  be  installed  having  a 
grate  longer  than  72  inches. 

Also  that  in  all  installations  of  steam  boiler  that  drain 
valves  be  placed  on  the  returns  and  that  the  condensation 
from  such  returns  be  discharged  into  the  sewer  for  a  period 
of  from  three  days  to  one  week  after  starting  fire,  thereby 
clearing  system  of  grease  and  dirt.  At  the  end  of  this  period 
boiler  should  be  thoroughly  washed  and  blown  out. 


V. 


' 

■ 


■ 


I 


t» 


•  • 

... 

. 

■r 


' 


HI  *  1  Mg  C 


Past  U. 


m 


Issued  July  1928 

Revised  November,  1928 

HEATING  AND  PIPING  CONTRACTORS  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION 

RECOMMENDATIONS 

For  Straight  Draft  or  Smokeless  Type  Cast  I 

ron  Square  Boilers 

Grate  length  for  all  boilers  is  based  on 

entire  inside  length  not  exceeding  72  inches 

Copyrighted  1928  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association 

NET  SQ.  FT.  RADIATION  LOADS  IN  70°  FAHRENHEIT 

Boiler  Length  is 
Between  Outside 
Face  of  Front  and 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

14" 

15" 

16" 

17" 

Rear  Sections 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

16 

140 

210 

145 

218 

150 

225 

155 

232 

18 

166 

249 

173 

260 

180 

270 

187 

280 

20 

192 

288 

201 

302 

210 

315 

219 

328 

22 

218 

327 

229 

344 

240 

360 

251 

376 

24 

244 

366 

257 

385 

270 

405 

283 

424 

26 

270 

405 

285 

428 

300 

450 

315 

472 

28 

296 

444 

313 

470 

330 

495 

347 

520 

30 

322 

483 

341 

511 

360 

540 

379 

569 

32 

350 

525 

371 

556 

392 

588 

413 

620 

34 

378 

566 

401 

602 

424 

636 

447 

670 

36 

406 

609 

431 

646 

456 

685 

481 

722 

38 

434 

650 

461 

692 

488 

732 

515 

773 

40 

462 

694 

491 

737 

520 

780 

550 

825 

42 

490 

735 

521 

782 

553 

830 

585 

878 

44 

518 

778 

552 

829 

586 

880 

620 

930 

46 

547 

820 

583 

875 

619 

929 

655 

983 

48 

576 

865 

614 

920 

652 

980 

690 

1035 

50 

605 

908 

645 

968 

685 

1030 

725 

1090 

52 

631 

946 

675 

1010 

719 

1080 

763 

1145 

54 

657 

985 

705 

1060 

753 

1130 

801 

1200 

56 

683 

1025 

735 

1100 

787 

1180 

839 

1260 

58 

709 

1060 

765 

1150 

821 

1230 

877 

1320 

60 

735 

1100 

795 

1190 

855 

1280 

915 

1370 

62 

761 

1140 

825 

1240 

889 

1330 

953 

1430 

64 

787 

1180 

855 

1280 

923 

1380 

991 

1490 

66 

813 

1120 

885 

1330 

957 

1440 

1029 

1540 

68 

839 

1260 

915 

1370 

991 

1490 

1067 

1600 

70 

865 

1300 

945 

1420 

1025 

1540 

1105 

1660 

72 

892 

1340 

976 

1460 

1060 

1590 

1144 

1720 

74 

919 

1380 

1007 

1510 

1095 

1640 

1183 

1775 

76 

946 

1420 

1038 

1557 

1130 

1695 

1222 

1832 

78 

973 

1460 

1069 

1603 

1165 

1745 

1261 

1890 

80 

1000 

1500 

1100 

1650 

1200 

1800 

1300 

1950 

(11-28)  First  Revision  of  Page  2 — Destroy  Original 


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Boiler  Length  is 
Between  Outside 
Face  of  Front  and 
Rear  Sections 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE 

WIDTH 

18" 

19" 

20" 

21 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

16 

160 

240 

165 

247 

170 

255 

176 

264 

18 

194 

291 

201 

301 

208 

312 

216 

324 

20 

228 

342 

237 

355 

246 

369 

256 

384 

22 

262 

393 

273 

409 

284 

426 

296 

444 

24 

296 

444 

309 

463 

322 

483 

336 

504 

26 

330 

495 

345 

518 

360 

540 

376 

564 

28 

364 

543 

381 

572 

398 

597 

416 

624 

30 

398 

597 

417 

625 

436 

654 

456 

684 

32 

434 

651 

455 

682 

476 

714 

499 

748 

34 

470 

706 

493 

740 

517 

776 

542 

813 

36 

506 

759 

532 

798 

558 

837 

585 

877 

38 

543 

814 

571 

856 

599 

899 

628 

942 

40 

580 

870 

610 

915 

640 

960 

671 

1006 

42 

617 

925 

649 

974 

681 

1021 

714 

1071 

44 

654 

981 

688 

1032 

722 

1083 

758 

1137 

46 

691 

1035 

727 

1090 

763 

1144 

802 

1203 

48 

728 

1091 

766 

1150 

804 

1206 

846 

1269 

50 

765 

1146 

805 

1260 

845 

1267 

890 

1335 

52 

807 

1210 

851 

1276 

895 

1342 

944 

1416 

54 

849 

1273 

897 

1345 

945 

1417 

998 

1497 

56 

891 

1336 

943 

1414 

995 

1492 

1052 

1578 

58 

933 

1400 

989 

1483 

1045 

1567 

1106 

1659 

60 

975 

1461 

1035 

1551 

1095 

1643 

1160 

1740 

62 

1017 

1525 

1081 

1621 

1145 

1717 

1214 

1821 

64 

1059 

1589 

1127 

1690 

1195 

1793 

1268 

1902 

66 

1101 

1650 

1173 

1760 

1245 

1868 

1322 

1983 

68 

1143 

1715 

1219 

1829 

1295 

1941 

1376 

2064 

70 

1185 

1778 

1265 

1897 

1345 

2020 

1430 

2145 

72 

1228 

1841 

1312 

1967 

1396 

2092 

1485 

2227 

74 

1271 

1906 

1359 

2040 

1447 

2170 

1540 

2310 

76 

1314 

1970 

1406 

2110 

1498 

2247 

1595 

2392 

78 

1357 

2035 

1453 

2180 

1549 

2323 

1650 

2475 

80 

1400 

2100 

1500 

2250 

1600 

2400 

1705 

2557 

82 

1640 

2460 

1745 

2617 

84 

1677 

2516 

1780 

2670 

86 

1718 

2587 

1810 

2715 

88 

1742 

2613 

1836 

2754 

90 

1755 

2632 

1860 

2790 

92 

1772 

2658 

1882 

2823 

94 

1790 

2685 

1903 

2854 

96 

1802 

2703 

1925 

2887 

98 

1813 

2719 

1942 

2913 

100 

1820 

2730 

1955 

2932 

(11-28)  First  Revision  of  Page  3 — Destroy  Original 


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Boiler  Length  is 
Between  Outside 

GRATE 

WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

22" 

23" 

24" 

25' 

Rear  Sections 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

16 

182 

273 

188 

282 

194 

291 

200 

300 

18 

224 

336 

232 

348 

240 

360 

248 

374 

20 

266 

399 

276 

414 

286 

429 

296 

444 

22 

308 

462 

320 

480 

332 

498 

344 

516 

24 

350 

525 

364 

546 

378 

567 

392 

588 

26 

392 

588 

408 

612 

424 

636 

440 

660 

28 

434 

651 

452 

678 

470 

705 

488 

732 

30 

476 

714 

496 

744 

516 

774 

536 

804 

32 

521 

781 

544 

816 

566 

850 

589 

884 

34 

567 

850 

592 

888 

617 

925 

643 

964 

36 

613 

919 

640 

960 

668 

1002 

697 

1045 

38 

659 

988 

688 

1031 

719 

1078 

751 

1126 

40 

705 

1057 

736 

1104 

770 

1155 

805 

1207 

42 

751 

1126 

784 

1176 

821 

1231 

859 

1288 

44 

797 

1195 

833 

1249 

872 

1308 

913 

1369 

46 

843 

1264 

882 

1323 

923 

1384 

976 

1450 

48 

889 

1333 

931 

1396 

974 

1461 

1021 

1531 

50 

935 

1402 

980 

1470 

1025 

1537 

1075 

1612 

52 

993 

1489 

1042 

1563 

1091 

1636 

1145 

1717 

54 

1051 

1576 

1104 

1655 

1157 

1735 

1215 

1822 

56 

1109 

1663 

1166 

1750 

1223 

1835 

1285 

1927 

58 

1167 

1  OOC 

1750 

1  QQ7 

1228 

loon 

1840 

1QQC 

1289 

1  ice 

1933 

OAOA 

1355 

1425 

1495 

2030 

2135 

2240 

ou 

62 

1283 

IW  / 

1924 

1352 

2030 

loot) 

1421 

LKjoKJ 

2130 

64 

1341 

2011 

1414 

2120 

1487 

2230 

1565 

2350 

66 

1399 

2098 

1476 

2215 

1553 

2330 

1635 

2450 

68 

1457 

2185 

1538 

2310 

1619 

2430 

1705 

2560 

70 

1515 

2272 

1600 

2400 

1685 

2530 

1775 

2660 

72 

1574 

2361 

1663 

2490 

1752 

2630 

1846 

2770 

74 

1633 

2449 

1726 

2590 

1819 

2730 

1917 

2870 

76 

1692 

2538 

1789 

2680 

1886 

2830 

1988 

2980 

78 

1751 

2626 

1852 

2780 

1953 

2930 

2059 

3090 

80 

1810 

2715 

1915 

2870 

2020 

3030 

2130 

3195 

82 

1850 

2775 

1955 

2930 

2070 

3105 

2185 

3275 

84 

1882 

2823 

1995 

2990 

2112 

3170 

2240 

3360 

86 

1912 

2868 

2028 

3040 

2155 

3230 

2277 

3415 

88 

1942 

2913 

2060 

3090 

2188 

3280 

2313 

3470 

90 

1970 

2955 

2090 

3135 

2220 

3330 

2350 

3525 

92 

1995 

2992 

2118 

3175 

2250 

3380 

2382 

3570 

94 

2020 

3030 

2142 

3215 

2280 

3420 

2412 

3620 

96 

2045 

3067 

2175 

3260 

2305 

3460 

2442 

3660 

98 

2067 

3100 

2200 

3300 

2327 

3490 

2468 

3700 

100 

2090 

3135 

2225 

3337 

2350 

3525 

2495 

3740 

(11-28)  First  Revision  of  Page  4 — Destroy  Original 


Part  II.  4 


Boiler  Length  is 
Between  Outside 
Face  of  Front  and 
Rear  Sections 

GRATE 

WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE 

WIDTH 

26" 

27" 

28' 

29" 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

16 

206 

309 

212 

318 

218 

327 

225 

337 

18 

256 

384 

264 

396 

272 

408 

281 

423 

20 

306 

459 

316 

474 

326 

489 

337 

506 

22 

356 

534 

368 

552 

380 

570 

393 

590 

24 

406 

609 

420 

630 

434 

650 

449 

674 

26 

456 

684 

472 

708 

488 

732 

505 

758 

28 

506 

750 

524 

786 

542 

813 

561 

842 

30 

556 

834 

576 

864 

596 

894 

617 

926 

32 

612 

918 

635 

952 

658 

987 

683 

1024 

34 

669 

1003 

695 

1042 

721 

1081 

749 

1123 

36 

726 

1089 

755 

1132 

784 

1176 

815 

1222 

38 

783 

1174 

815 

1222 

847 

1270 

881 

1321 

40 

840 

1260 

875 

1312 

910 

1365 

947 

1420 

42 

897 

1345 

935 

1402 

973 

1459 

1013 

1520 

44 

954 

1431 

995 

1492 

1036 

1555 

1079 

1620 

46 

1011 

1516 

1055 

1582 

1099 

1650 

1146 

1720 

48 

1068 

1602 

1115 

1672 

1162 

1742 

1213 

1820 

50 

1125 

1687 

1175 

1762 

1225 

1837 

1280 

1920 

52 

1199 

1800 

1253 

1880 

1307 

1960 

1366 

2050 

54 

1273 

1910 

1331 

1996 

1389 

2080 

1452 

2180 

56 

1347 

2020 

1409 

2115 

1471 

2210 

1538 

2308 

58 

1421 

2130 

1487 

2230 

1553 

2330 

1624 

2435 

60 

1495 

2240 

1565 

2346 

1635 

2450 

1710 

2565 

62 

1569 

2350 

1643 

2465 

1717 

2580 

1796 

2693 

64 

1643 

2460 

1721 

2580 

1799 

2700 

1882 

2820 

66 

1717 

2575 

1799 

2700 

1881 

2820 

1968 

2995 

68 

1791 

2688 

1877 

2815 

1963 

2942 

2054 

3080 

70 

1865 

2800 

1955 

2930 

2045 

3070 

2140 

3210 

72 

1940 

2910 

2034 

3050 

2128 

3175 

2227 

3340 

74 

2015 

3020 

2113 

3170 

2211 

3320 

2314 

3470 

76 

2090 

3135 

2192 

3290 

2294 

3440 

2401 

3600 

78 

2165 

3250 

2271 

3406 

2377 

3565 

2488 

3730 

80 

2240 

3360 

2350 

3525 

2460 

3690 

2575 

3860 

82 

2300 

3450 

2414 

3620 

2520 

3780 

2640 

3960 

84 

2355 

3530 

2470 

3705 

2575 

3860 

2695 

4040 

86 

2400 

3600 

2520 

3780 

2620 

3930 

2742 

4115 

88 

2442 

3665 

2563 

3845 

2663 

4000 

2790 

4185 

90 

2478 

3715 

2605 

3910 

2702 

4050 

2835 

4255 

92 

2510 

3765 

2640 

3960 

2745 

4120 

2870 

4305 

94 

2542 

3815 

2675 

4010 

2784 

4180 

2917 

4380 

96 

2572 

3860 

2707 

4060 

2822 

4235 

2958 

4440 

98 

2603 

3905 

2738 

4105 

2860 

4290 

2997 

4495 

100 

2630 

3945 

2765 

4150 

2900 

4350 

3035 

4550 

102 

2652 

3980 

2791 

4185 

2927 

4395 

3065 

4600 

104 

2670 

4005 

2812 

4220 

2952 

4425 

3092 

4640 

106 

2683 

4025 

2828 

4240 

2972 

4455 

3117 

4670 

108 

2692 

4040 

2840 

4260 

2987 

4480 

3135 

4700 

110 

2700 

4050 

2850 

4275 

3000 

4500 

3150 

4725 

(11*28)  First  Revision  of  Page  5 — Destroy  Original 


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Boiler  Length  is 

GRATE 

WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

Between  Outside 

31" 

32' 

33' 

Rear  Sections 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

16 

232 

348 

239 

358 

18 

290 

435 

299 

448 

20 

348 

522 

359 

538 

22 

406 

609 

419 

629 

24 

464 

696 

479 

718 

26 

522 

784 

539 

808 

28 

580 

870 

599 

898 

30 

638 

958 

659 

988 

680 

1020 

702 

1053 

32 

707 

1060 

732 

1098 

756 

1134 

782 

1173 

34 

776 

1164 

805 

1207 

832 

1248 

862 

1293 

36 

845 

1267 

878 

1317 

908 

1362 

942 

1413 

38 

915 

1372 

951 

1426 

984 

1476 

1022 

1532 

40 

985 

1477 

1024 

1535 

1060 

1590 

1102 

1653 

42 

1055 

1583 

1097 

1645 

1137 

1705 

1182 

1773 

44 

1125 

1688 

1170 

1755 

;  1214 

1823 

1262 

1893 

46 

1195 

1793 

1243 

1864 

1291 

1935 

1343 

2014 

48 

1265 

1898 

1316 

1974 

1368 

2050 

1424 

2136 

50 

1335 

2000 

1390 

2085 

1445 

2170 

1505 

2257 

52 

1425 

2140 

1484 

2225 

1543 

2315 

1607 

2410 

54 

1515 

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56 

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58 

1695 

2542 

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2650 

1837 

2760 

1913 

2869 

2790 

1935 

2900 

2015 

3022 

62 

1875 

2820 

1954 

2930 

2033 

3050 

2117 

3175 

64 

1965 

2950 

2048 

3070 

2131 

3195 

2219 

3328 

66 

2055 

3080 

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3215 

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2321 

3481 

68 

2145 

3220 

2236 

3355 

2327 

3490 

2423 

3634 

70 

2235 

3350 

2320 

3480 

2425 

3640 

2525 

3787 

72 

2326 

3490 

2425 

3640 

2524 

3790 

2627 

3940 

74 

2417 

3625 

2520 

3780 

2623 

3935 

2729 

4093 

76 

2508 

3760 

2615 

3920 

2722 

4085 

2832 

4248 

78 

2599 

3900 

2710 

4065 

2821 

4230 

2935 

4402 

80 

2690 

4035 

2805 

4210 

2920 

4380 

3038 

4557 

82 

2755 

4130 

2873 

4310 

3005 

4505 

3120 

4680 

84 

2807 

4210 

2935 

4400 

3080 

4620 

3210 

4815 

86 

2860 

4290 

2992 

4490 

3145 

4720 

3280 

4920 

88 

2907 

4360 

3045 

4570 

3200 

4800 

3350 

5025 

90 

2955 

4430 

3095 

4640 

3252 

4880 

3405 

5107 

92 

3000 

4500 

3143 

4715 

3300 

4950 

3462 

5193 

94 

3043 

4565 

3188 

4780 

3338 

5007 

3517 

5275 

96 

3085 

4625 

3227 

4840 

3378 

5060 

3565 

5347 

98 

3122 

4685 

3267 

4900 

3417 

5120 

3615 

5422 

100 

3160 

4740 

3305 

4955 

3452 

5180 

3665 

5497 

102 

3195 

4790 

3340 

5003 

3486 

5225 

3710 

5565 

104 

3227 

4840 

3372 

5060 

3520 

5280 

3755 

5632 

106 

3255 

4880 

3403 

5104 

3552 

5330 

3792 

5688 

3278 

4915 

3427 

5140 

3582 

5375 

3832 

5748 

110 

3300 

4950 

3450 

5175 

3610 

5420 

3875 

5812 

112 

3637 

5455 

3910 

5865 

114 

3665 

5500 

3943 

5914 

116 

3690 

5535 

3980 

5970 

118 

3715 

5575 

4010 

6015 

120 

3740 

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4040 

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122 

3765 

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124 

3785 

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126 

3805 

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128 

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132 

3865 

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134 

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136 

1 

3900 

5850 

4220 

6330 

(11-28)  First  Revision  of  Page  6 — Destroy  Original 


Part  II. 


Boiler  Length  is 
Between  Outside 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

34" 

35" 

36" 

37" 

Rear  Sections 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

30 

724 

1086 

746 

1119 

768 

1152 

791 

1186 

32 

808 

1212 

833 

1249 

859 

1288 

886 

1329 

34 

892 

1338 

921 

1381 

950 

1425 

981 

1471 

36 

976 

1464 

1009 

1513 

1042 

1563 

1076 

1614 

38 

1060 

1590 

1097 

1645 

1134 

1701 

1171 

1756 

40 

1144 

1716 

1185 

1777 

1226 

1839 

1267 

1900 

42 

1228 

1842 

1273 

1909 

1318 

1977 

1363 

2044 

44 

1312 

1968 

1361 

2041 

1410 

2115 

1457 

2185 

46 

1396 

2094 

1449 

2173 

1502 

2253 

1555 

2332 

48 

1480 

2220 

1537 

2305 

1594 

2391 

1651 

2476 

50 

1565 

2347 

1625 

2437 

1686 

2529 

1747 

2620 

52 

1671 

2506 

1735 

2602 

1799 

2698 

1864 

2796 

54 

1777 

2665 

1845 

2767 

1912 

2868 

1981 

2971 

56 

1883 

2824 

1955 

2932 

2026 

3039 

2098 

3147 

58 

1989 

2983 

2065 

3097 

2140 

3210 

2215 

3322 

60 

2095 

3142 

2175 

3262 

2254 

3381 

2333 

3499 

62 

2201 

3301 

2285 

3427 

2368 

3552 

2451 

3676 

64 

2307 

3460 

2395 

3592 

2482 

3723 

2569 

3853 

66 

2413 

3619 

2505 

3757 

2596 

3894 

2687 

4030 

68 

2519 

3778 

2615 

3922 

2710 

4065 

2805 

4207 

70 

2625 

3937 

2725 

4087 

2824 

4236 

2923 

4384 

72 

2731 

4096 

2835 

4252 

4417 

2938 

3052 

4407 

3041 

3159 

4561 

A  7?Q 

76 

2943 

4414 

3055 

4582 

3166 

45  /  o 

4749 

3277 

4915 

78 

3049 

4573 

3165 

4747 

3280 

4920 

3395 

5092 

80 

3156 

4734 

3275 

4912 

3394 

5091 

3513 

5269 

82 

3252 

4878 

3380 

5070 

3504 

5256 

3630 

5445 

84 

3345 

5017 

3477 

5215 

3611 

5416 

3740 

5610 

86 

3426 

5139 

3567 

5350 

3715 

5575 

3848 

5772 

88 

3507 

5260 

3660 

5490 

3815 

5722 

3952 

5928 

90 

3575 

5362 

3740 

5610 

3912 

5868 

4050 

6075 

92 

3642 

5463 

3820 

5730 

4005 

6007 

4150 

6225 

94 

3710 

5565 

3902 

5853 

4095 

6142 

4248 

6372 

96 

3768 

5652 

3962 

5943 

4181 

6271 

4338 

6507 

98 

3830 

5745 

4045 

6067 

4264 

6396 

4425 

6637 

100 

3890 

5835 

4117 

6175 

4343 

6514 

4515 

6772 

102 

3945 

5917 

4180 

6270 

4419 

6628 

4595 

6892 

104 

4000 

6000 

4245 

6367 

4492 

6738 

4680 

7020 

106 

4050 

6075 

4303 

6454 

4561 

6841 

4750 

7125 

108 

4100 

6150 

4357 

6535 

4626 

6939 

4822 

7233 

110 

4147 

6220 

4417 

6625 

4688 

7032 

4895 

7342 

112 

4187 

6280 

4464 

6696 

4747 

7120 

4960 

7440 

114 

4230 

6345 

4513 

6769 

4802 

7203 

5022 

7533 

116 

4272 

6408 

4563 

6844 

4854 

7281 

5087 

7630 

118 

4307 

6460 

4602 

6903 

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7353 

5140 

7710 

120 

4343 

6514 

4645 

6967 

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122 

4373 

6559 

4680 

7020 

4988 

7482 

5248 

7872 

124 

4405 

6607 

4715 

7072 

5026 

7539 

5295 

7942 

126 

4430 

6645 

4742 

7113 

5061 

7591 

5335 

8002 

128 

4455 

6682 

4772 

7158 

5092 

7638 

5375 

8062 

130 

4480 

6720 

4800 

7200 

5119 

7678 

5417 

8125 

132 

4500 

6750 

4820 

7230 

5143 

7714 

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8175 

134 

4520 

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136 

4540 

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5180 

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5510 

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(11*28)  First  Revision  of  Page  7— Destroy  Original 


Part  II.  7 


I  GRATE  WIDTH 

41" 

Water 

1329 

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Steam 

~  ITOD - 

988 

|  GRATE  WIDTH  | 

Si 

o 

Tf 

Water 

1290 

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|  GRATE  WIDTH  | 

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1221 

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HI 

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Boiler  Length  is 
Between  Outside 
Face  of  Front  and 
.Rear  Sections 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE 

WIDTH 

38" 

39" 

40" 

41" 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

30 

814 

1221 

837 

1255 

860 

1290 

886 

1329 

32 

913 

1369 

940 

1410 

967 

1450 

996 

1494 

34 

1012 

1518 

1043 

1564 

1074 

1611 

1106 

1659 

36 

1111 

1666 

1146 

1719 

1181 

1771 

1216 

1824 

38 

1210 

1815 

1249 

1873 

1288 

1932 

1326 

1989 

40 

1309 

1963 

1352 

2028 

1395 

2092 

1436 

2154 

42 

1408 

2112 

1455 

2182 

1502 

2253 

1547 

2320 

44 

1508 

2262 

1558 

2337 

1609 

2413 

1658 

2487 

46 

1608 

2412 

1661 

2491 

1716 

2574 

1769 

2653 

48 

1708 

2562 

1765 

2647 

1823 

2734 

1880 

2820 

50 

1808 

2712 

1869 

2803 

1930 

2895 

1991 

2986 

52 

1929 

2893 

1994 

2991 

2059 

3088 

2124 

3186 

54 

2050 

3075 

2119 

3178 

2188 

3282 

2257 

3385 

56 

2171 

3256 

2244 

3366 

2317 

3475 

2390 

3585 

58 

2292 

3438 

2369 

3553 

2446 

3669 

2523 

3784 

60 

2413 

3619 

2494 

3741 

2575 

3862 

2656 

3984 

62 

2534 

3801 

2619 

3928 

2704 

4056 

2789 

4183 

64 

2656 

3984 

2744 

4116 

2833 

4249 

2922 

4383 

66 

2778 

4167 

2869 

4303 

2962 

4443 

3055 

4582 

68 

2900 

4350 

2995 

4492 

3091 

4636 

3189 

4783 

70 

3022 

4533 

3121 

4681 

3220 

4830 

3323 

4984 

72 

3144 

4716 

3249 

4870 

3350 

5025 

3457 

5185 

74 

3266 

4899 

3373 

5059 

3480 

5220 

3591 

5386 

76 

3388 

5082 

3499 

5248 

3610 

5415 

3725 

5587 

78 

3510 

5265 

3625 

5437 

3740 

5610 

3859 

5788 

80 

3632 

5448 

3751 

5626 

3870 

5805 

3993 

5989 

82 

3750 

5625 

3875 

5812 

3997 

5995 

4130 

6195 

84 

3865 

5797 

3995 

5992 

4122 

6183 

4253 

6379 

86 

3972 

5958 

4107 

6160 

4245 

6367 

4382 

6573 

88 

4087 

6130 

4225 

6337 

4365 

6547 

4505 

6757 

90 

4190 

6285 

4330 

6495 

4482 

6723 

4627 

6940 

92 

4298 

6447 

4438 

6657 

4597 

6895 

4752 

7128 

94 

4402 

6603 

4545 

6817 

4710 

7065 

4820 

7230 

96 

4495 

6742 

4652 

6978 

4820 

7230 

4987 

7480 

98 

4588 

6882 

4758 

7137 

4928 

7392 

5100 

7650 

100 

4685 

7027 

4860 

7290 

5033 

7549 

5212 

7818 

102 

4778 

7167 

4957 

7435 

5136 

7704 

5317 

7975 

104 

4863 

7294 

5050 

7575 

5236 

7854 

5425 

8137 

106 

4947 

7420 

5140 

7710 

5334 

8001 

5530 

8295 

108 

5025 

7537 

5230 

7845 

5429 

8143 

5635 

8452 

110 

5105 

7657 

5312 

7968 

5522 

8283 

5740 

8610 

112 

5177 

7765 

5392 

8088 

5612 

8418 

5840 

8760 

114 

5248 

7872 

5472 

8208 

5700 

8550 

5933 

8899 

116 

5317 

7975 

5550 

8325 

5785 

8677 

6028 

9042 

118 

5385 

8077 

5625 

8437 

5868 

8802 

6117 

9175 

120 

5448 

8172 

5698 

8547 

5949 

8923 

6205 

9307 

122 

5507 

8260 

5767 

8650 

6027 

9040 

6295 

9442 

124 

5565 

8347 

5833 

8749 

6102 

9153 

6380 

9570 

126 

5615 

8422 

5895 

8842 

6175 

9262 

6463 

9694 

128 

5665 

8497 

5958 

8937 

6246 

9369 

6545 

9817 

130 

5715 

8572 

6015 

9022 

6314 

9471 

6617 

9925 

132 

5757 

8635 

6067 

9100 

6378 

9567 

6695 

10042 

134 

5803 

8704 

6120 

9180 

6440 

9660 

6767 

10150 

136 

5840 

8760 

6170 

9255 

6500 

9750 

6840 

10260 

(11-28)  First  Revision  of  Page  8 — Destroy  Original 


Part  II.  8 


Boiler  Length  is 
Between  Outside 
Face  of  Front  and 
Rear  Sections 

GRATE 

WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

42" 

43" 

44" 

45" 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

30 

912 

1368 

939 

1408 

966 

1449 

993 

1489 

32 

1026 

1539 

1056 

1584 

1086 

1629 

1117 

1675 

34 

1140 

1710 

1173 

1759 

1206 

1809 

1241 

1861 

36 

1254 

1881 

1290 

1935 

1327 

1990 

1365 

2047 

38 

1368 

2052 

1407 

2110 

1448 

2172 

1489 

2233 

40 

1482 

2223 

1524 

2286 

1569 

2353 

1613 

2419 

42 

1596 

2394 

1641 

2461 

1690 

2535 

1737 

2605 

44 

1710 

2565 

1759 

2638 

1811 

2716 

1861 

2791 

46 

1824 

2736 

1877 

2815 

1932 

2898 

1985 

2977 

48 

1938 

2907 

1995 

2997 

2053 

3079 

2110 

3165 

50 

2052 

3078 

2113 

3169 

2174 

3261 

2235 

3352 

52 

2189 

3283 

2254 

3381 

2319 

3478 

2385 

3577 

54 

2326 

3489 

2395 

3592 

2464 

3696 

2535 

3802 

56 

2463 

3694 

2536 

3804 

2609 

3913 

2685 

4027 

58 

2600 

3900 

2677 

4015 

2754 

4131 

2835 

4252 

60 

2737 

4105 

2818 

4227 

2899 

4348 

2985 

4477 

62 

2874 

4311 

2960 

4440 

3044 

4566 

3135 

4702 

64 

3012 

4518 

3102 

4653 

3189 

4783 

3285 

4927 

66 

3150 

4725 

3244 

4866 

3335 

5002 

3435 

5152 

68 

3288 

4932 

3386 

5079 

3481 

5221 

3585 

5377 

70 

3426 

5139 

3528 

5292 

3627 

5440 

3735 

5602 

72 

3564 

5346 

3670 

5505 

3773 

5659 

3885 

5827 

74 

3702 

5553 

3812 

5718 

3920 

5880 

4035 

6052 

76 

3840 

5760 

3954 

5931 

4067 

6100 

4185 

6277 

78 

3978 

5967 

4096 

6144 

4214 

6321 

4335 

6502 

80 

4116 

6174 

4239 

6358 

4362 

6543 

4486 

6729 

82 

4253 

6379 

4377 

6565 

4508 

6762 

4638 

6957 

84 

4388 

6582 

4520 

6780 

4653 

6979 

4790 

7185 

86 

4520 

6780 

4658 

6987 

4796 

7194 

4937 

7405 

88 

4650 

6975 

4790 

7185 

4938 

7407 

5088 

7632 

90 

4777 

7165 

4923 

7384 

5078 

7617 

5230 

7845 

92 

4908 

7362 

5062 

7593 

5217 

7825 

5373 

8059 

94 

5030 

7545 

5188 

7782 

5354 

8031 

5517 

8275 

96 

5155 

7732 

5317 

7975 

5489 

8233 

5657 

8485 

98 

5275 

7912 

5450 

8175 

5623 

8434 

5797 

8695 

100 

5392 

8088 

5572 

8358 

5756 

8634 

5940 

8910 

102 

5508 

8262 

5698 

8547 

5887 

8830 

6080 

9120 

104 

5625 

8437 

5820 

8730 

6016 

9024 

6211 

9316 

106 

5738 

8607 

5940 

8910 

6144 

9216 

6350 

9525 

108 

5850 

8775 

6060 

9090 

6270 

9405 

6483 

9724 

110 

5960 

8940 

6125 

9187 

6394 

9591 

6612 

9918 

112 

6063 

9094 

6288 

9432 

6517 

9775 

6747 

10120 

114 

6165 

9247 

6400 

9600 

6638 

9957 

6877 

10315 

116 

6270 

9405 

6515 

9772 

6757 

10135 

7001 

10501 

118 

6368 

9552 

6622 

9933 

6874 

10311 

7133 

10699 

120 

6465 

9697 

6730 

10095 

6990 

10485 

7255 

10882 

122 

6565 

9847 

6835 

10252 

7104 

10656 

7379 

11068 

124 

6658 

9987 

6935 

10402 

7217 

10825 

7500 

11250 

126 

6750 

10125 

7040 

10560 

7328 

10992 

7622 

11433 

128 

6842 

10263 

7140 

10710 

7438 

11157 

7742 

11613 

130 

6925 

10387 

7238 

10857 

7546 

11319 

7858 

11787 

132 

7015 

10522 

7333 

10999 

7652 

11478 

7979 

11968 

134 

7095 

10642 

7425 

11137 

7757 

11635 

8103 

12154 

136 

7180 

10770 

7520 

11280 

7860 

11790 

8210 

12315 

(IT-28)  First  Revision  of  Page  9 — Destroy  Original 


Part  II. 


9 


GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

Boiler  Length  is 

Between  Outside 

46" 

47" 

48" 

49" 

Rear  Sections 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

Steam 

Water 

30 

1020 

1530 

1050 

1575 

1080 

1620 

1110 

1665 

32 

1147 

1720 

1181 

1771 

1215 

1822 

1249 

1873 

34 

1274 

1911 

1312 

1968 

1350 

2025 

1388 

2082 

36 

1401 

2101 

1443 

2164 

1485 

2227 

1527 

2290 

38 

1528 

2292 

1574 

2361 

1620 

2430 

1666 

2499 

40 

1656 

2484 

1705 

2557 

1755 

2632 

1805 

2707 

42 

1784 

2676 

1836 

2754 

1890 

2835 

1944 

2916 

44 

1912 

2868 

1968 

2952 

2025 

3037 

2083 

3124 

46 

2040 

3060 

2100 

3150 

2161 

3241 

2222 

3333 

48 

2168 

3252 

2232 

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10 


Boiler  Length  is 
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Part  II.  11 


GRATE  WIDTH 

GRATE  WIDTH 

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55 

60" 

79" 

Rear  Sections 

Steam 

Water 

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Water 

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Water 

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Water 

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12 


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Water 

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Part  II. 


13 


PART  III 
PIPE  SIZES 


( 


FOREWORD 


On  Pipe  Sizes  for  Steam  Heating  Systems 
and  Hot  Water  Systems 


THE  selection  of  proper  pipe  sizes  for  steam  heating  systems  has 
been  a  perplexing  problem  to  heating  engineers  and  contractors 
for  some  years.  No  uniformity  of  practice  is  discernible  and  of 
the  numerous  tables  available  to  the  industry  many  indefinite  and 
variable  factors  have  entered  into  the  calculations  with  the  result 
that  a  concerted  effort  has  been  made  by  committees  of  the  Heat¬ 
ing  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association  and  the 
American  Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers  to  study 
the  subject  on  a  scientific  basis. 

For  several  years  the  American  Society  of  Heating  and  Venti¬ 
lating  Engineers  Laboratory  has  been  investigating  the  flow  of 
steam  in  pipes  and  the  capacity  of  pipes  for  steam  heating  work 
with  the  result  that  the  reports  of  its  Technical  Advisory  Commit¬ 
tee  on  Pipe  Sizes  have  been  used  by  the  Heating  and  Piping 
Contractors  National  Association  Committee  on  Standardi¬ 
zation  and  the  American  Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Engi¬ 
neers  Guide  Committee  in  the  compilation  of  Standard  Tables  for 
Pipe  Sizes  of  Steam  Heating  Systems. 

Where  data  have  not  been  available  from  research  work  as  in 
the  case  of  dry  returns,  standard  formulae  have  been  applied  so  that 
the  user  of  these  tables  may  feel  confident  that  the  values  given 
may  be  applied  with  safety. 

The  information  resulting  from  the  cooperative  effort  of  these 
two  organizations  it  is  anticipated  will  provide  engineers  and  con¬ 
tractors  with  a  standard  method  for  selecting  pipe  sizes  for  steam 
heating  systems,  that  will  result  in  the  design  of  plants  that  are 
scientifically  correct. 

STEAM  HEATING  PIPE  SIZES 

The  principal  factors  upon  which  the  determination  of  pipe 
sizes  for  steam  heating  depends  are : 


Part  III 


I 


:  ,.V.- 


' 


' 


■ 


. 


-  '  : 

■  ■  •• 


FOREWORD 

1.  The  equivalent  length  of  the  run  from  the  boiler,  or  source  of 
steam  supply,  to  the  farthest  radiator. 

2.  The  total  pressure  drop,  which  may  be  allowed,  between  the 
source  of  supply  and  the  end  of  the  return  system. 

3.  The  maximum  velocity  of  steam  allowable  for  quiet  and  depend¬ 
able  operation  of  the  system. 

4.  Unusual  conditions  in  the  building  to  be  heated. 

LENGTH  OF  RUN 

The  length  of  run  must  not  only  include  the  actual  linear  feet 
of  straight  pipe,  but  also  the  proper  allowance  for  fittings,  valves 
friction  and  other  items  which  cause  drop  in  pressure.  (See 
Table  3). 

PRESSURE  DROP 

There  are,  theoretically,  several  factors  to  be  considered,  includ¬ 
ing:  the  initial  pressure,  the  pressure  required  at  the  end  of  the 
line,  fluctuations  in  the  initial  pressure,  the  distance  between  the 
low  point  of  steam  main  and  dry  return  and  the  water  line  of  the 
boiler  (where  the  condensation  is  to  be  returned  by  gravity),  and 
any  extra  load  on  the  system  during  heating-up  periods. 

With  a  high  initial  pressure  it  is  theoretically  possible  to  allow 
much  greater  drops  in  pressure  if  there  is  sufficient  distance  be¬ 
tween  the  low  point  of  steam  main  and  dry  return  and  the  water 
line  of  the  boiler.  In  attempting  any  very  great  drop  in  pressure, 
the  following  practical  difficulties  present  themselves : 

1.  If  the  system  is  designed  to  secure  the  same  drop  in  pressure  for  each 
unit  of  radiation  (including  those  nearest,  as  well  as  those  farthest  from 
the  source  of  supply)  the  velocity  necessary  to  equalize  these  drops  in  the 
shorter  runs  will  be  so  high  that  serious  trouble  will  be  encountered  from 
noise  and  the  entrainment  of  the  condensate. 

2.  If  the  system  is  so  designed  as  not  to  equalize  these  pressures,  the 
condensate  returning  from  radiators  near  the  source  of  supply  will  be  at 
a  correspondingly  higher  temperature  than  that  from  radiators  farthest 
from  the  source  of  supply,  thus  causing  re-evaporation  and  pressures  in 
the  return  system  with  consequent  backing-up  from  one  radiator  to  an¬ 
other,  the  holding-up  of  the  return  and  the  filling  of  the  return  lines, 
with  too  large  a  percentage  of  steam  instead  of  condensate. 

It  has  been  found,  that  while  it  may  be  theoretically  possible  to 
design  a  system  for  relatively  large  pressure  drops,  it  is  generally 
more  satisfactory  to  design  heating  systems  on  the  basis  of  a  low 
initial  pressure  and  reasonably  low  total  drops  in  pressure.  The 
matter  of  fluctuations  in  pressure  should  be  taken  into  considera¬ 
tion  wherever  the  steam  is  to  be  supplied  directly  from  the  boiler, 
to  the  radiators  at  boiler  pressure  and  the  system  should  be  de¬ 
signed  to  operate  properly  with  the  lowest  pressure  under  which 
the  boiler  may  operate. 


Part  III 


II 


■ 


■  .  >1‘  i- 


FOREWORD 


In  the  matter  of  initial  pressure  and  return  of  condensation  it  is 
undoubtedly  true  that  with  a  constant  initial  pressure  (such  as  is 
produced  by  a  high  pressure  supply  by  means  of  a  pressure  reduc¬ 
ing  valve,  or  from  the  boiler  direct  where  the  pressure  is  main¬ 
tained  constant),  somewhat  higher  drops  in  pressure  and  corre¬ 
spondingly  smaller  pipe  may  be  successfully  used.  It  is  also 
undoubtedly  true  that,  with  mechanical  circulation  where  a  constant 
vacuum  is  maintained,  fluctuations  in  initial  pressure  and  the 
difficulties  from  high  velocities  are  reduced,  so  that  the  pressure 
drops  may  be  higher  and  the  pipe  sizes  smaller. 

MAXIMUM  VELOCITY 

The  capacity  of  pipe  of  a  given  size  in  any  part  of  a  steam  or 
vapor  heating  system  depends  on  water  of  condensation  present  in, 
as  well  as  upon  the  available  pressure  drop  through  the  pipe. 
Where  no  water  is  present  or  where  a  limited  quantity  flows  by 
gravity  in  the  same  direction  as  the  steam  the  available  pressure 
drop  only  need  be  considered. 

Where  water  and  steam  flow  counter  to  each  other  the  velocity 
of  the  steam  must  not  exceed  certain  values  above  which  dis¬ 
turbance  between  the  counter  flowing  steam  and  water  may  pro¬ 
duce  objectionable  sounds,  water  hammer,  or  store  water  in  some 
parts  of  the  system.  The  velocity  at  which  such  disturbance  takes 
place  depends  upon  the  size  of  the  pipe,  its  location  (whether 
vertical  or  horizontal),  its  pitch  and  the  quantity  of  water  flowing 

counter  to  the  steam.  *. 

* 

UNUSUAL  CONDITIONS 

Under  this  heading  are  the  character  and  class  of  the  building, 
the  periodicity  of  use  and  the  degree  of  normal  temperature  to  be 
attained  at  the  beginning  of  each  period  of  use. 

In  public  buildings,  schools,  offices,  places  of  assemblage,  and 
such  buildings  (where  the  occupants  are  normally  at  rest)  the 
building  should  be  heated  to  its  required  temperature  at  the  be¬ 
ginning  of  each  period  of  use.  In  some  buildings  (especially  of¬ 
fices,  schools  and  public  buildings),  the  time  between  heating 
periods  is  relatively  short;  whereas  in  others  (such  as  churches, 
theaters  and  places  of  assemblage),  these  periods  are  comparatively 
long.  In  other  buildings,  where  the  occupants  are  moving  about, 
it  is  not  always  necessary  for  the  building  to  be  heated  to  the 
required  temperature  at  the  beginning  of  its  period  of  use.  In 
all  cases  heat  given  off  by  machinery,  occupants  and  illumination, 
also  the  heat  absorbed  by  the  contents  of  the  building  should  be 
taken  into  account. 


Part  III 


III 


.»ri  i  v  t 


, 


. 

. 

■ 

■ 

- 


FOREWORD 


All  of  the  pipe  sizes  on  supply  and  returns  are  directly  and 
materially  affected  by  reaming  or  lack  of  reaming,  by  sharp  turns, 
elbows  and  unnecessary  fittings  and  by  those  various  other  things 
which  enter  into  the  installation  of  heating  work.  However,  for 
the  average  condition  of  installation,  as  practiced  today,  these 
figures  are  apparently  safe. 

GENERAL  DATA  ON  PIPE  SIZE  TABLES 

The  following  Tables  1-13  have  been  compiled  for  use  in  de¬ 
signing  all  type  steam  heating  systems,  and  may  be  used,  by  those 
experienced  in  the  industry,  with  satisfactory  results.  The  follow¬ 
ing  general  principles  should  be  followed : 

1.  The  initial  pressure  should  not  exceed  16  oz.  gage. 

2.  It  is  recommended  that  the  drop  in  pressure  in  the  mains  and  riser 
to  the  farthest  radiator  should  not  exceed  1  oz.  per  100  ft.  of  straight 
pipe  or  its  equivalent  length,  with  a  lower  rate  of  drop  for  systems  with 
long  runs. 

3.  In  small  installations,  such  as  residences,  where  the  longest  actual 
run  is  seldom  over  200  ft.  and  where  the  firing  periods  extend  over  several 
hours,  resulting  in  boiler  pressure,  fluctuating  from  zero  to  about  1  lb., 
the  total  pressure  drop  should  not  exceed  2  oz.  for  gravity  systems.  In 
large  buildings,  where  boilers  are  under  the  constant  care  of  a  fireman 
and  a  uniform  pressure  is  maintained,  and  where  the  water  line  difference 
will  permit,  the  total  drop  in  pressure  may  range  from  3  to  8  oz.  depending 
upon  the  equivalent  length  of  the  longest  run. 

4.  The  total  allowable  drop  in  pressure  depends  upon  (a)  the  water 
line  difference,  ( b )  the  equivalent  length  of  main  and  riser  from  the  boiler 
to  the  farthest  radiator,  and  (c)  the  regularity  of  the  pressure  maintained 
at  the  boiler  or  source  of  steam  supply. 

5.  The  water  line  difference  or  distance  between  the  water  line  of  the 
boiler  and  the  low  point  of  steam  main  and  dry  return  main  should  be  not 
less  than  24  in.,  because  of  the  heavy  drop  in  pressure  from  condensation 
in  heating  up  a  cold  system.  This  difference  should  be  increased  2  in. 
for  every  ounce  pressure  drop  in  the  system.  If  the  total  pressure  drop 
were  6  oz.,  the  water  line  difference  should  be  6  X  2  +  24  or  36  in. 

6.  There  should  be  a  nearly  uniform  drop  in  pressure  between  the 
source  of  steam  supply  and  the  farthest  radiator  on  every  riser.  Care 
should  be  taken  however,  to  see  that  the  maximum  allowable  velocity  for 
smooth  operation  is  not  exceeded. 

7.  In  using  this  method  of  proportioning  a  system,  care  must  be  ex¬ 
ercised  to  see  that  no  pipe  carrying  condensate  counter  to  the  steam,  is 
loaded  to  a  capacity  above  the  maximum  for  the  particular  part  of  a 
system  in  question  as  shown  in  Tables  5  to  13. 


Part  III 


IV 


, 


■ 


■ 

. 


■ 

. 


TYPICAL  LAYOUTS 


0-7VJE  PIPE  STEAM  SYSTEM 


In.  AIR 
K r  VALVE 


€  CM 


CHECK  VALVE 


J**  RISER  NOT 
DRIPPED 


m 


BOILER 


■*F‘ . — 

*'*  <cv 


RISER  DRIPPED 


hm/* 

valve 

• 

• 

1 

• 

a 

i - rxA - 

T‘ 


AIR 

VALVE 


I  I  ^WET  DRIP  1  ^ _____ 


TWO  PIPE  STEAM  SYSTEM 


Part  III 


V 


TYPICAL  LAYOUTS 


RETURN  HEADER 


vapor  system 


rumps 

VACUUM  SYSTEM 


Part  III 


VI 


c 


Description  of  Pipe  Size  Tables 

TABLE  1  gives  the  numerical  value  of  the  four  factors  of  the 
Babcock  formula  for  various  sizes  and  lengths  of  pipe  and  va¬ 
rious  initial  pressures  and  pressure  drops. 

Table  2  is  a  basic  table  giving  the  theoretical  capacities  of  pipe 
in  square  feet  of  direct  cast  iron  radiation  (Based  on  Y±  lb.  steam 
per  hour  per  square  foot)  and  the  resulting  velocity  in  feet  per 
second  for  various  pressure  drops  in  ounces  per  100  ft.  length  of 
pipe  or  equivalent  length  and  with  an  initial  steam  pressure  of  1  lb. 
gage. 

Table  3  gives  the  length  of  pipe  in  feet  to  be  added  to  actual 
length  of  run  to  obtain  equivalent  length. 

Table  4  gives  constant  for  calculating  the  capacity  of  pipe  for 
steam  at  initial  pressure  other  than  1  lb.  when  the  capacity  at  1  lb. 
pressure  is  known;  also  the  constant  for  calculating  capacity  of 
pipe  of  length  other  than  100  ft.  when  capacity  of  100  ft.  length 
is  known. 

Table  5  is  a  pipe  sizing  table  for  small  one-pipe  gravity  low-pres¬ 
sure  steam  heating  systems.  This  table  was  designed  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  those  laying  out  small  systems  where  the  equiva¬ 
lent  length  of  run  from  the  boiler  or  pressure  reducing  valve  to 
the  farthest  radiator  is  no  greater  than  200  ft. 

Table  6  is  for  small  two-pipe  systems,  and  is  similar  to  Table  5. 
It  gives  values  for  parts  of  a  two-pipe  system. 

Table  7  is  a  similar  table  for  small  vapor  systems. 

Tables  8  and  9  were  designed  for  larger  one  and  two-pipe  low- 
pressure  gravity  steam  heating  systems,  respectively. 

Tables  10  and  11  are  for  sizing  pipe  for  vapor  systems  where 
the  equivalent  length  of  run  exceeds  200  ft.  Table  10  is  for  sys¬ 
tems  up  to  400  ft.  equivalent  length  and  is  based  upon  a  total  pres¬ 
sure  drop  of  2  oz.  from  the  source  of  steam  supply  to  the  farthest 
radiator.  Table  11  is  for  larger  systems  where  the  equivalent 
length  of  run  from  the  boiler  or  source  of  steam  supply  does  not 
exceed  600  ft.  It  is  based  upon  a  total  pressure  drop  of  4  oz. 

Table  12  is  a  pipe  sizing  table  for  small  vacuum  pump  systems 
where  the  equivalent  length  of  run  from  the  boiler  or  source  of 
steam  supply  to  the  farthest  radiator  ranges  from  100  to  600  ft. 
The  table  is  based  upon  a  total  pressure  drop  in  the  entire  equiva¬ 
lent  length  from  steam  supply  to  farthest  radiator  of  4  oz. 

Table  13  is  similar  to  Table  12  and  is  for  larger  systems  where 
the  equivalent  length  of  run  ranges  up  to  1200  ft.  It  is  based  on 
a  total  pressure  drop  of  8  oz.  in  the  entire  equivalent  length. 


1 


FLOW  OF  STEAM  IN  PIPES 


Table  1. 


/7o>y  of  Sf ear/77  7n  P//oes 

P-  L  oss  ///  Ppssso&e  ///  L  os 

c/~  7//s/oe  D/a  Merer  or  P/Pr  av  toc/ics  9V  m  07.0  1  PDdr 

l—L e/vcrst  or  P/pe  //v  Poor  V/7  *  36 J  L 

D- Wo/c/ir  or  /  Cu  Pr  opS/sam  V(  d  / 

tY -Lbs  or  SrsAM  per  M/a/ 

P -0.000/32  f /  r  J  6  J  **  *L 
(  d/  Dds 

Pp/SSvp. 
Loss  /<v 
Oes. 

r  Co/  / 

P/pe  S/ee 

Zz/rrp/vAi 
4  psa  or 
P/pe 

So,  /a/3 

< 

Co/  2 

SrsAPt 
Press, 
or  Caca 

Co/  3 

/  r A/or// 
or  P/ re 
//v  Pssr 

Co/.  4 

A/om/A/A/ 

8cfUAL 

/rrePKAi 

0/AAtcrzA 

r 

070  r/T 

l/OO 

7*36 

d 

w 

O  2P 

7033 

/ 

7049 

0364 

0  536 

* 

-70 

0/07 

2o 

2  24o 

O  SO 

7.333 

7i 

7330 

/4?6 

7/73 

* 

-o.s 

0.770 

40 

7400 

7.00 

2774 

/i 

76/0 

2036 

7323 

oo 

0/93 

60 

/  290 

z 

3  076 

2 

2  067 

J 346 

37/0 

03 

07  74 

30 

7/20 

3 

3  767 

2i 

2467 

4733 

6709 

73 

0.20/ 

700 

7000 

4 

4330 

3 

3063 

7373 

7/733 

2  3 

O  207 

720 

0  9/2 

J- 

4  363 

3i 

3.S4& 

9337 

76705 

S3 

0223 

740 

0  84/ 

6 

3323 

4 

4026 

72 730 

2363/ 

70  3 

0.243 

760 

0793 

7 

4744 

4i 

4.406 

74  947 

32/34 

743 

0.270 

780 

0.74/ 

3 

6/42 

4 

4 04 7 

2o  006 

43  7/9 

20  3 

O  290 

200 

O.  7/0 

/ o 

(■  /73 

6 

6  063 

23S&6 

77762 

303 

0  326 

240 

O  632 

72 

7434 

7 

7023 

33  743 

706276 

40.3 

0.343 

300 

0.473 

/4 

3/3  G 

6 

773/ 

SO  02  7 

747.382 

SO  3 

0383 

340 

0.436 

/6 

3.7oo 

9 

3.  74/ 

62736 

20/833 

603 

0.4 /S 

400 

O  400 

20 

7727 

/ 0 

70  020 

78  654 

272492 

743 

0.442 

440 

0477 

24 

70  644 

/ 2 

72000 

7/3.073 

437403 

700.3 

0  So  7 

400 

0  447 

23 

//SO? 

/4 

73  230 

737330 

466.673 

7243 

0447 

6oo 

0  407 

32 

72  304 

76 

74250 

732. 645 

3/6  872 

740 3 

O  603 

700 

0  373 

40 

73 746 

/7S3 

0.644 

600 

0.344 

43 

74069 

200.3 

O  60S 

900 

0  333 

3o 

79.444 

/OOO 

0.3/6 

7 60 

274/2 

7200 

0.239 

320 

33  ?o8 

/ soo 

02 S3 

ABO 

47642 

2000 

0.224 

"‘1  lb.  per  sq.  in.  gage  —  2.04  in.  Vacuum,  Mercury  Column. 


2 


. 

' 


. 


-  . . 


. 


Table  2.  Pressure  Loss,  Capacity  in  Square  Feet  of  Equivalent  Radiation  and  Velocity  Relationship  Based 
on  Table  1,  for  Various  Pressure  Drops  with  1  Lb.  Initial  Steam  Pressure. 


PIPE  SIZE 

Pressure  Loss  in 

r 

Wi." 

1M' 

2" 

2  W 

i’ 

3'A’ 

per  100  Ft. 

Sq.  Ft. 

Velocity 

Ft.  per 
Second 

Sq.  Ft. 

Velocity 

Ft.  per 
Second 

Sq.Ft. 

Velocity 

Ft.  per 
Second 

Sq.Ft. 

Velocity 

Ft.  per 
Second 

Sq.Ft. 

Velocity 

Ft.  per 
Second 

Sq.  Ft. 

Velocity 
Ft.  per 
Second 

Sq.  Ft. 

Velocit' 

Ftper 

lA 

28 

7.5 

61 

9 

95 

n 

193 

14 

318 

17 

581 

21 

869 

23 

A 

39 

12 

87 

15 

134 

17 

273 

21 

449 

24 

822 

30 

1228 

33 

l 

56 

17 

122 

21 

190 

24 

386 

31 

635 

36 

1163 

42 

1737 

47 

2 

79 

25 

173 

30 

269 

34 

546 

43 

898 

50 

1645 

60 

2457 

68 

3 

96 

28 

212 

38 

329 

42 

668 

53 

1100 

62 

2014 

74 

3009 

84 

4 

111 

35 

245 

43 

380 

49 

771 

62 

1270 

72 

2326 

85 

3474 

97 

5 

124 

37 

274 

47 

425 

55 

863 

69 

1421 

80 

2600 

95 

3884 

109 

6 

136 

40 

300 

52 

466 

59 

945 

77 

1556 

88 

2848 

105 

4255 

118 

7 

147 

43 

324 

56 

503 

66 

1020 

83 

1681 

95 

3077 

113 

4596 

128 

8 

157 

47 

346 

61 

538 

70 

1091 

89 

1797 

102 

3289 

122 

4913 

136 

10 

176 

52 

387 

68 

601 

79 

1220 

99 

2009 

114 

3677 

135 

5493 

151 

12 

192 

58 

424 

74 

659 

87 

1336 

109 

2201 

125 

4028 

148 

6017 

167 

14 

208 

63 

458 

80 

711 

94 

1443 

118 

2377 

134 

4351 

164 

6500 

180 

16 

223 

70 

490 

86 

760 

100 

1543 

126 

2541 

144 

4651 

175 

6948 

192 

20 

249 

75 

548 

96 

850 

112 

1806 

148 

2841 

161 

5200 

196 

7768 

215 

24 

273 

82 

600 

106 

931 

124 

1890 

154 

3113 

177 

5697 

215 

8510 

238 

PIPE  SIZE 

Pressure  Loss  in 
Ounces 

4' 

5* 

6' 

8" 

10* 

12* 

16* 

per  100  Ft. 

Sq.Ft. 

Velocity 

Ft.  per 
Second 

Sq.Ft. 

Velocity 
Ft.  per 
Second 

Sq.Ft. 

Velocity 
Ft.  per 

Sq.  Ft. 

Velocity 
Ft.  per 
Second 

Sq.Ft. 

Velocity 
Ft.  per 
Second 

Sq.Ft. 

Velocity 
Ft.  per 
Second 

Sq.  Ft. 

Velocity 
Ft.  per 
Second 

lA 

1229 

26 

2273 

29 

3731 

35 

7766 

42 

14,172 

48 

22,746 

52 

42,470 

62 

Vi 

1738 

37 

3214 

41 

5276 

49 

10,983 

60 

20,043 

72 

32,168 

76 

60,061 

88 

1 

2457 

52 

4546 

49 

7462 

70 

15,533 

86 

28,345 

100 

45,492 

108 

84,940 

125 

2 

3475 

74 

6429 

84 

10,553 

94 

21,967 

112 

40,085 

140 

64,336 

152 

121,012 

180 

3 

4256 

91 

7874 

104 

12,924 

121 

26,904 

144 

49,094 

172 

78,795 

184 

147,120 

220 

4 

4914 

105 

9092 

121 

14,924 

139 

31,066 

164 

56,689 

192 

90,985 

212 

169,879 

252 

S 

5494 

118 

10,165 

135 

16,685 

156 

34,733 

184 

63,380 

224 

101,724 

240 

189,937 

280 

6 

6019 

128 

11,135 

148 

18,278 

168 

38,048 

204 

69,430 

244 

111,433 

264 

208,059 

308 

7 

6501 

139 

12,027 

160 

19,742 

174 

41,096 

220 

74,993 

264 

120,361 

288 

224,729 

336 

8 

6950 

148 

12,858 

172 

21,105 

196 

43,934 

234 

80,171 

284 

128,672 

304 

240,245 

356 

10 

7770 

166 

14,376 

193 

23,597 

216 

49,120 

268 

89,633 

312 

143,860 

340 

268,603 

400 

12 

8512 

182 

15,748 

212 

25,849 

232 

53,808 

288 

98,188 

344 

157,590 

372 

294,236 

436 

14 

9194 

196 

17,009 

224 

27,920 

260 

58,120 

316 

106,056 

372 

170,217 

404 

317,815 

474 

16 

9829 

211 

18,184 

234 

29,848 

276 

62,132 

340 

113,378 

394 

181,969 

428 

339,758 

508 

.20 

10,989 

235 

20,331 

260 

33,371 

316 

69,466 

380 

126,768 

444 

203,448 

480 

379,861 

568 

24 

12,038 

249 

22,270 

280 

36,556 

332 

76,096 

412 

138,859 

484 

222,866 

520 

416,117 

624 

Note  1. — Capacities  based  on  %  lb.  condensation  per  square  foot  equivalent  radiation — steam  and  condensation  flowing  in  same  direction — actual 
diameter  of  standard  pipe. 

Note  2. — For  capacity  of  pipe  with  a  given  pressure  drop,  in  a  length  other  than  100  ft.,  multiply  the  capacity  in  this  table  for  the  given  pressure 
per  100  ft.  drop  by  the  factor  tor  required  length,  Column  B,  Table  4. 

Note  3.— For  capacity  with  initial  pressures  other  than  1  lb.,  multiply  capacity  given  in  this  table  by  factor  for  the  required  initial  pressure. 
Column  2,  Table  4. 

Note  4. — To  determine  pressure  loss  with  a  given  capacity  for  other  lengths  of  pipe  than  100  ft.,  multiply  pressure  loss  given  in  this  table  for 
the  given  capacity  by  the  required  length  of  pipe  and  divide  by  100. 

Note  5. — Extra  length  to  be  added  to  straight  run  of  pipe,  for  various  fittings  and  valves  to  determine  equivalent  length.  (See  Table  3.) 


CAPACITIES  AND  VELOCITIES 


CONVERSION  DATA 


Table  3.  Length  in  Feet  of  Pipe  to  be  Added  to  Actual  Length  of 
Run  to  Obtain  Equivalent  Length 


Size  op  Pipe 

St  d.  Elbow 

Side  Outlet 
Tee 

Gate  Valve 

Globe  Valve 

Angle  Valve 

Length  in  Feet  to  be  Added  in  Run  , 

2' 

5 

16 

2 

18 

9 

2M' 

7 

20 

3 

25 

12 

3* 

10 

26 

3 

33 

16 

3X' 

12 

31 

4 

39 

19 

4' 

14 

35 

5 

45 

22 

5' 

18 

44 

7 

57 

28 

6' 

22 

50 

9 

70 

32 

7' 

26 

55 

10 

82 

37 

8* 

31 

63 

12 

94 

42 

9" 

35 

69 

13 

105 

47 

10' 

39 

76 

15 

118 

62 

12' 

47 

90 

18 

140 

63 

14' 

53 

105 

20 

160 

72 

MEASURED  LENGTH.  *  m’rO" 

Example  of  length  in  h-*- . 

feet  of  pipe  to  be  added  ¥  1  ■— V  ^omLENriSNSm  - 193  -0 

to  actual  length  of  run.  |  ~  ,  l- . — J 


Table  4.  Constants  for  Various  Lengths 
VARIOUS  INITIAL  PRESSURES 


8team  Pressure 
Gage 

Lb. 

Constant  bt  Which  to  Multiple 
Capacitt  or  ant  Pipe  for  1  Lb. 
Gaoe  Steam  Pressure  to  Obtun 
Capacitt  or  Same  Pipe  tor  Pres¬ 
sure  in  Cot.  1 

Length  or 
Pipe 

Ft. 

Constant  bt  Which  to  Multiple 
Capacitt  or  J00  Ft.  Pipe  to  Obtain 
Capacitt  or  Same  Sized  Piph  With 
Same  Pressure,  and  LENara  as 
Given  in  Col.  A 

CoL  1 

CoL  2 

CoL  A 

CoLB 

0 

0.92 

20 

2.240 

1 

1.00 

40 

1.580 

2 

1.03 

60 

1.290 

5 

1.11 

80 

1.120 

10 

1.24 

100 

1.000 

15 

1.35 

120 

0.912 

20 

1.45 

140 

0.841 

30 

1.63 

160 

0.793 

40 

1.79 

180 

0.741 

50 

1.94 

200 

0710 

60 

2.08  v 

250 

0.632 

75 

2.26 

300 

0.578 

100 

2.54 

350 

0.538 

125 

2.79 

400 

0.500 

150 

3.02 

450 

0.477 

175 

3.23 

500 

0.447 

200 

3.44 

600 

0.407 

. . . 

700 

0.378 

800 

0.354 

900 

0.333 

. . . 

1000 

0.316 

... 

1400 

0.267 

4 


. 

• 

i 


'  ■  'CAT  '  ')  ;  .$*  ■  ' 


1  m 

i 


ONE-PIPE  STEAM  SYSTEM 


Table  5.  Pipe  Sizes  for  One-Pipe,  Gravity,  Low-Pressure  Steam 
Heating  System,  where  Equivalent  Length  of  Run  from 
Boiler  or  Source  of  Supply  to  the  Farthest  Radiator 
does  not  exceed  200  ft. 


Capacity  in  Sq.  Ft.  of  Equivalent  Radiation 


Pipe 

Size 

Inches 

Supply  Main  Dripped 
AND  Branches  to 
Risers  Dripped 

Steam  and  Condensate 
flowing  in  the  same 
direction. 

Supply 

Risers 

I'p-Fced 

Branches  to 
Supply  Risers  and 
Radiators 

Not  Dripped 

Wet 

Return 

Main 

Dry 

Return 

Main 

Radiator 
Valve  Sizes 
and 

Vertical 

Connections 

A 

B 

C 

D* 

E 

F 

G 

H 

25 

l 

56 

45 

20 

700 

320 

20 

V/4 

122 

98 

55 

1200 

670- 

55 

l'A 

190 

152 

,81 

1900 

1058 

v81 

2 

386 

288 

165 

4000 

2300 

165 

2  M 

635- 

464 

260 

6700 

3800 

3 

1163 

799 

475 

10,700 

7000 

i'A 

1737 

1144 

745 

10,000 

4 

2457 

1520 

1110 

5 

4546 

2180 

6 

7462 

1 

— 

-- 

r  's  Not  to  be  Re- 

Copyright  J  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association  l  printed  With- 
1927  }  American  Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers  [out  Special 

[  J  Permission. 


•Radiator  branches  more  than  8  ft.  in  length  should  be  one  size  larger  than  shown  in 
Column  D. 

Note  1. — These  tables  apply  where  pipes  are  properly  reamed.  No  allowances  for  de¬ 
fective  material  or  workmanship  have  been  made. 

Note  2. — Capacities  based  on  lb.  condensation  per  square  foot  equivalent  radiation 
and  actual  diameter  of  standard  pipe. 

Note  3. — Extra  length  to  be  added  to  straight  run  of  pipe,  for  various  fittings  and  valves 
to  determine  equivalent  length.  (See  Table  3.) 

Note  4. — Where  it  is  necessary  to  drip  a  steam  main,  branch  to  riser  or  riser,  same 
should  be  dripped  separately  into  wet  return. 

Note  5. — Pitch  of  pipe  should  be  not  less  than  in.  in  10  ft.;  on  horizontal  branches 
to  radiators,  at  least  J4  in.  in  10  ft. 


5 


. 


TWO-PIPE  STEAM  SYSTEM 


Table  6.  Pipe  Sizes  for  Two-Pipe,  Gravity,  Low  Pressure  Steam, 
where  Equivalent  Length  of  Run  from  Boiler  or  Source  of  Supply 
to  Farthest  Radiator  does  not  exceed  200  ft. 


Capacity  in  Sq.  Ft.  of  Equivalent  Radiation 


Pipe 

Sizes 

Inches 

Supply  Main 
Dripped  and 
Branches  to 
Risers 
Dripped 
Steam  and 
Condensate 
Flowing  in 
same 
Direction 

Supply 

Risers 

Up-Feed 

Branches 

to 

Supply  Risers 
and  Radiator; 
Not  Dripped 

Return 

Risers 

Wet 

Return 

Main 

Dry 

Return 

Main 

Radiator 

Supply 

Valve 

Radiator 

Return 

Valve 

A 

B 

C 

D* 

E 

F 

G 

H 

/ 

30 

122 

30 

122 

1 H 

56 

56 

26 

320 

700 

320 

56 

190 

l'4 

122 

122 

58 

670 

1200 

670 

122 

386 

i'A 

190 

190 

95 

1058 

1900 

1058 

190 

— 

2 

386 

386 

195 

2300 

4000 

2300 

386 

2'A 

635 

635 

395 

3800 

6700 

3800 

3 

1163 

1129 

700 

7000 

10,700 

7000 

3'A 

1737 

1548 

1150 

10,000 

— 

10,000 

4 

2457 

2042 

1700 

— 

5 

4546 

3150 

6 

7462 

f  ^  Not  to  be  Re- 

Copyright J  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association  l  printed  With- 
1927  |  American  Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers  f  o  u  t  Special 

v  J  Permission. 

*  Radiator  branches  more  than  8  ft.  iri  length  should  be  one  size  larger  than  shown  in 
Column  D. 

Note  1. — These  tables  apply  where  pipes  are  properly  reamed.  No  allowances  for  de¬ 
fective  material  or  workmanship  have  been  made. 

Ncte  2. — Capacities  based  on  V\  lb.  condensation  per  square  foot  equivalent  radiation 
and  actual  diameter  of  standard  pipe. 

Note  3. — Extra  length  to  be  added  to  straight  run  of  pipe,  for  various  fittings  and  valves 
to  determine  equivalent  length.  (See  Table  3.) 

Note  4. — Where  it  is  necessary  to  drip  a  supply  main,  supply  riser  or  branch  to 
a  supply  riser,  same  should  be  dripped  separately  into  a  wet  return  or  through  an  ade¬ 
quate  seal  into  a  dry  return.  Never  drip  a  supply  pipe  into  a  dry  return  except  through 
an  adequate  seal. 

Note  5. — Pitch  of  pipe  should  be  not  less  than  J4  in.  in  10  ft.;  on  horizontal  branches 
to  radiators,  at  least  J4  in.  in  10  ft. 


6 


« 


( 


TWO-PIPE  VAPOR  SYSTEM 


I 


Table  7.  Pipe  Sizes  for  Two-Pipe,  Gravity,  Vapor!  Systems,  where 
Equivalent  Length  of  Run  from  Boiler  or  Source  of  Supply  to 
Farthest  Radiator  does  not  exceed  200  ft. 

Capacity  in  Sq.  Ft.  of  Equivalent  Radiation 


Pips 

Size 

Inches 


Supplt  Main 
Dripped  and 
Branches  to 
Risers 
Dripped 


Steam  and  Con¬ 
densate  flowing  in 
same  direction. 


H 


1  56 


Supply  Risers 
Up-Feed 


Branches  to  Supply 
Risers  and  Radiators 
Not  Dripped 


Return 

Risers 


C 


D* * 


30 

56 


26 


190 

450 


Wet 

Return 

Main 


Dry 

Return 

Main 


F 


700 


G 


320 


\M  122 

i  y2  190 


122 

190 


58 

95 


990  1200 

1500  1900 


670 

1058 


2 


386 

635 


386 

63.5 


195 

395 


3000 


4000 

6700 


2300 

3800 


3 

3^ 


1163 

1737 


1129 

1548 


700 

1150 


10,700 


7000 

10,000 


4  2457 


2042 


1700 


5  4546 


3150 


6 


7462 


Different  makes  of  supply  and  return  valves,  steam  traps  and  other 
specialties  vary  as  to  capacity,  therefore  use  size  as  recommended  for 
any  particular  make.  Vertical  connections  to  be  of  same  size  as  valve 
and  trap  used.  Return  horizontal  runout  to  be  not  less  than  %  in. 


1  Not  to  be  Re- 

Copyright  J  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association  (printed  With- 
1027  \  American  Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers  f  o  ut  Special 

(  J  Permission. 

*  Radiator  branches  more  than  8  ft.  in  length  should  be  one  size  larger  than  shown  in 
Column  D. 

tThis  table  is  for  systems  which  are  open  to  atmosphere  or  operate  under  slight 
pressure  or  partial  vacuum  without  use  of  vacuum  pumps. 

N^te  1. — These  tables  apply  where  pipes  are  properly  reamed.  No  allowances  for  de¬ 
fective  material  or  workmanship  have  been  made. 

NAe  2. — Capacities  based  on  l/\  lb.  condensation  per  square  foot  equivalent  radiation 
and  actual  diameter  of  standard  pipe. 

Note  3. — Extra  length  to  be  added  to  straight  run  of  pipe,  for  various  fittings  and  valves 
to  determine  equivalent  length.  (.See  Table  3.) 

Note  4. — Where  it  is  necessary  to  drip  a  supply  main,  supply  riser  or  branch  to 
a  supply  riser,  same  should  be  dripped  separately  into  a  wet  return.  The  drip  for  a 
vapor  or  vacuum  system  may  be  taken  into  a  dry  return  through  a  steam  trap. 

Note  5. — Pitch  of  pipe  should  be  not  less  than  x/\  in.  in  10  ft.;  on  horizontal  branches 
to  radiators,  at  least  in.  in  10  ft. 


7 


LARGE  ONE-PIPE  STEAM  SYSTEM 


Table  8.  Pipe  Sizes  for  One-Pipe,  Gravity,  Low  Pressure  Steam 
Heating  Systems,  where  Equivalent  JLength  of  Run  from  Boiler 
or  Source  of  Supply  to  Farthest  Radiator  Exceeds  200  ft. 
Capacity  in  Sq.  Ft.  of  Equivalent  Radiation 


Pipe 

Size 

Inches 

Equivalent  Length  or  Pipe  from  Boiler  to  Farthest  Radiator, 
Including  Main  and  Riser.  (See  Nole  4.) 

Supply  Main  Dripped  and  Branches  to  Risers  Dripped^- 
Steam  and  Condensate  flowing  in  samodirection. 

Based  on  4  oz.  Total  Pressure  Drop 

1 

Supply 

Risers 

Up-Feed 

Maximum  Capai 

Branches  to 
Supply  Risers 
and  Rad  ia tors 
Not  Dripped 

:ITIE3 

Radiator 

Valves  and 
Vertical 
Connections 

100  Ft. 

200  Ft. 

300  Ft. 

400  Ft. 

500  Ft. 

600  Ft. 

A 

B 

c 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

/* 

J 

1 

111 

79 

65 

56 

49 

46 

45 

20 

20 

m 

245 

173 

141 

122 

110 

100 

98 

55 

55 

l  'A 

380 

269 

220 

190 

165 

155 

152 

81 

81 

2 

771 

546 

446 

386 

345 

315 

288  . 

165 

165 

2'A 

1270 

898 

734 

635 

568 

518 

464 

260 

3 

2326 

1645 

1342 

1163 

1040 

948 

799 

475 

3^ 

3474 

2457 

2006 

1737 

1552 

1419 

1144 

745 

4 

4914 

3475 

2828 

2457 

2196 

2011 

1520 

1110 

5 

9092 

6429 

5250 

4546 

4062 

3712 

2180 

6 

14,924 

10,553 

8618 

7462 

6669 

6094 

8 

31,066 

21,967 

17,935 

15,533 

13,880 

12,682 

10 

56,689 

40,085 

32,730 

28,345 

25,334 

23,144 

12 

90,985 

64,336 

52,530 

45,492 

40,660 

37,145 

Dry  Return  Main 

Wet  Return  Main 

JrlPE 

Size 

INCHE3 

Equivalent  Length  op  Run  prom  Boiler  to  Foot  op 
Farthest  Riser  in  Feet 

Equivalent  Length  op  Run  prom  Boiler  to  Foot  op 
Farthest  Riser  in  Feet 

100 

200 

300 

400 

soo 

600 

100 

200 

300 

400 

1  I00 

600 

K 

L 

M 

N 

0 

p 

Q 

R 

S 

T 

U 

V 

IV 

1 

460 

412 

368 

320 

322 

275 

1400 

1000 

820 

700 

640 

580 

IX 

962 

868 

770 

670 

579 

480 

2400 

1700 

1390 

1200 

1080 

990 

'A 

1512 

1362 

1210 

1058 

909 

757 

3800 

2700 

2180 

1900 

1710 

1570 

2 

3300 

2960 

2640 

2300 

1980 

1630 

8000 

5600 

4520 

4000 

3560 

3240 

VA 

5450 

4900 

4380 

3800 

3300 

2770 

13,400 

9400 

7600 

6700 

6000 

5300 

3 

10,000 

9000 

8000 

7000 

6000 

5000 

21,400 

15,000 

12,500 

10,700 

9400 

8590 

3)4 

14,300 

12,900 

11,500 

10,000 

8600 

7200 

32,000 

22,000 

18,500 

16,000 

14,400 

13,200 

4 

21,500 

19,300 

17,200 

*15,000 

12,900 

10,700 

44,000 

31,000 

25,500 

22,000 

19,900 

18,300 

r  Not  to  be  Re- 

Copyright J  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association  I  printed  With- 
1927  |  American  Society  of  Heating  and  V entilating  Engineers  Tout  Special 

L  J  Permission. 

*Radiator  branches  more  than  8  ft.  in  length  should  be  one  size  larger  than  shown  in 
Column  1. 

Note  1. — These  tables  apply  where  pipes  are  properly  reamed.  No  allowances  for  de¬ 
fective  material  or  workmanship  have  been  made. 

Note  2. — Capacities  based  on  %  lb.  condensation  per  square  foot  equivalent  radiation 
and  actual  diameter  of  standard  pipe. 

Note  2. — Extra  length  to  be  added  to  straight  run  of  pipe,  for  various  fittings  and  valves 
to  determine  equivalent  length.  (See  Table  3.) 

Note  4. — Mains  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  length  of  run 
from  the  boiler  or  source  of  supply  to  the  farthest  radiators  supplied  by  the  main. 

Determine  equivalent  length  of  run  then  use  figures  in  that  corresponding  Column 
(B  to  G )  for  supply  mains;  (L  to  Q)  for  dry  return  mains;  (B  to  W )  for  wet  return 
mains  for  sizing  the  entire  run. 

Risers  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  length  of  run  from  the 
boiler  or  source  of  supply  to  the  farthest  radiator  on  each  particular  riser. 

Determine  the  distance  to  the.  farthest  radiator  then  use  the  figures  in  the  corre¬ 
sponding  Column  (B  to  G )  for  sizing  each  riser;  providing  the  amount  of  radiation  for 
that  riser  does  not  exceed  amounts  shown  in  Column  H.  Where  riser  capacities  are 
found  to  be  in  excess  of  amounts  in  Column  H,  step  up  to  necessary  size  indicated  in 
that  column. 

Note  5. — Where  it  is  necessary  to  drip  a  steam  main,  branch  to  riser  or  riser 
same  should  be  dripped  separately  into  wet  return. 

Note  6. — Pitch  of  pipe  should  be  not  less  than  $4  in.  in  10  ft.;  on  horizontal  branches 
to  radiators  at  least  yi  in.  in  10  ft. 


8 


LARGE  TWO-PIPE  STEAM  SYSTEM 


Table  9.  Pipe  Sizes  for  Two-Pipe,  Gravity,  Low  Pressure  Steam 
Heating  Systems  where  Equivalent  Length  of  Run  from  Boiler 
or  Source  of  Supply  to  Farthest  Radiator  Exceeds  200  Ft. 
Capacity  in  Sq.  Ft.  of  Equivalent  Radiation 


PlPB 

Size 

Inches 

Equivalent  Length  of  Pipe  from  Boiler  to  Farthest 
Radiator,  Including  Main  and  Riser.  (See  Note  4-) 
Supply  Main  Dripped  and  Branches  to  Risers  Dripped— 
Steam  and  Condensate  flowing  in  same  direction 

Based  on  4  oz.  Total  Pressure  Drop 

Maximum  Capacities 

Supply 

Risers 

Up-Feed 

Branches  to  • 
Supply  Risers 
and  Radiators 
Not  Dripped 

Rad.  Supply 
Valves  and 
Vertical 
Connections 

Radiator 
Return 
Valves  and 
Connectioas 

100  Ft. 

200  Ft. 

300  Ft. 

400  Ft. 

.  500  Ft. 

600  Ft. 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

■H 

/* 

J 

K 

% 

111 

79 

65 

56 

49 

46 

30 

56 

26 

30 

56 

122 

190 

l  X 

245 

380 

173 

269 

141 

220 

122 

190 

110 

165 

100 

155 

122 

190 

58 

95 

122 

190 

386 

2 

2'A 

771 

1270 

546 

898 

446 

734 

386 

635r 

345 

-568 

315 

518 

386 

635 

195 

395 

386 

3 

3H 

2326 

3474 

1645 

.2457 

1342 

2006 

llb3 

1737 

1040 

1552 

948 

•1419 

1129 

1548 

700 

1150 

4 

5  . 

4914 

9092 

3475 

6429 

2828 

5250 

2457 

4546 

2196 

4062 

2011 

3712 

2042 

1700 

3150 

6 

8 

14,924 

31,066 

10,553 

21,967 

8618 

17,935 

7462: 

15,533 

6669 

13,880 

6094: 

12,682 

. 

10 

12 

56,689 

90,985 

40,085 

64,336 

32,730 

52,530 

28,345 

45,492 

25,334 

40.660 

23.144 

37.145 

Pipe 

Size 

Inches 

Dry  Return  Main 

Wet  Return  Main 

Equivalent  Length  of  Run  from  Boiler  to 
Farthest  Radiator  in  Feet 

Equivalent  Length  of  Run  from  Boiler  to 
Farthest  Radiator  in  Feet 

100 

200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

100 

.  200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

M 

N 

0 

P 

Q 

R 

S 

T 

u 

V 

W 

X 

Y 

1 

m 

460 

962 

412 

868 

368 

770 

320 

670 

322 

579 

275 

480 

1400 

2400 

1000 

1700 

820 

1390 

700 

1200 

640 

1080 

580 

990 

2 

1512 

3300 

1362 

2960 

1210 

2640 

1058 

2300 

909 

1980 

757 

1630 

3800 

8000 

2700 

5600 

2180 

4520 

1900 

4000 

1710 

3460 

1570 

3240 

2'A 

3 

5450 

10,000 

4900 

9000 

4380 

8000 

3800 

7000 

3300 

6000 

;2770 

5000 

13.400 

21.400 

9400 

15,000 

7600 

12,500 

6700 

10,700 

6000 

9400 

5300 

8500 

3'A 

4 

14,300 

21,500 

12,900 

19,300 

11,500 

17,200 

10,000 

15,000 

8600 

12,900 

7200 

10,700 

32,000 

44,000 

22,000 

31,000 

18.500 

25.500 

16,000 

22,000 

14,400 

19,900- 

13,200 

18,300 

r  >  Not  to  be  Re- 

Copyright  I  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association  I  printed  With- 
1927  v  American  Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers  rout  Special 
l  J  Permission. 

*  Radiator  branches  more  than  8  ft.  in  length  should  be  one  size  larger  than  shown  in  Column  I. 

Note  1. — These  tables  apply  where  pipes  are  properly  reamed.  No  allowances  for  defective  material 
or  workmanship  have  been  made. 

Note  2. — Capacities  based  on  lb.  condensation  per  square  foot  equivalent  radiation  and  actual 
diameter  of  standard  pipe. 

Note  3. — Extra  length  to  be  added  to  straight  run  of  pipe,  for  various  fittings  and  valves  to  deter¬ 
mine  equivalent  length.  (See  Table  3.) 

Note  U- — Mains  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  length  of  run  from  the  boiler 
or  source  of  supply  to  the  farthest  radiators  supplied  by  the  main. 

Determine  equivalent  length  of  run,  then  use  figures  in  that  corresponding  Column  (B  to  G)  for 
supply  mains;  (AT  to  S)  for  dry  return  mains;  (T  to  Y)  for  wet  return  mains;  for  sizing  the  entire  run. 

Risers  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  length  of  run  from  the  boiler  or  source 
of  supply  to  the  farthest  radiatir  on  each  particular  riser. 

Determine  the  distance  to  the  farthest  radiator,  then  use  the  figures  in  the  corresponding  Column 
(B  to  GO  for  sizing  each  riser;  providing  the  amount  of  radiation  for  that  riser  does  not  exceed  amounts 
shown  in  Column  H.  Where  riser  capacities  are  found  to  be  in  excess  of  amounts  in  Column  H,  step 
up  to  necessary  size  indicated  in  that  column. 

Note  5. — Where  it  is  necessary  to  drip  a  supply  main  or  a  supply  riser  or  a  branch  to  a  supply  riser, 
same  should  drip  separately  into  a  wet  return.  A  drip  for  a  two-pipe  system  may  be  taken  into  a  dry 
return  through  an  adequate  seal. 

Note  6. — Pitch  of  pipe  should  be  not  less  than  y±  in.  in  10  ft.:  on  horizontal  branches  to  radiators 
at  least  in.  in  10  ft. 


9 


LARGE  TWO-PIPE  VAPOR  SYSTEM 


Table  10.  Pipe  Sizes  for  Two-Pipe  Vapor!  Heating  Systems,  where 
Equivalent  Length  of  Run  from  Boiler  or  Source  of  Supply 
to  Farthest  Radiator  Exceeds  200  Ft. 

Capacity  in  Sq.  Ft.  of  Equivalent  Radiation 

Pipe 

Size 

Inches 

Equivalent  Length  or  Pipe  from  Boiler  to  Farthbst 
Radiator,  Including  Main  and  Riser.  (See  Note  4.) 
Supply  Main  Dripped  and  Branches  to  Risers  Dripped — 
Steam  and  Condensate  flowing  in  same  direction. 
Based  on  2  oz.  Total  Pressure  Drop 

Maximum  Capacities 

SudoIv  Risers 
Up-Feed 

Branches  to 

Supply  Risers  and 
Radiators  Not  Dripped 

Return  Risers 

100  Ft. 

200  Ft. 

300  Ft. 

400  Ft. 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G* 

H 

X 

1 

79 

56 

46 

39 

30 

56 

26 

190 

450 

m 

i  X 

173 

269 

122 

190 

100 

155 

87 

134 

122 

190 

58 

95 

990 

1500 

2 

2  y2 

546 

898 

386 

635 

315 

518 

273 

449 

386 

635 

195 

395 

3000 

3 

3H 

1645 

2457 

1163 

1737 

948 
.  1419 

822 

1228 

1129 

1548 

700 

1150 

4 

5 

3475 

6929 

2457 

4546 

2011 

3712 

1738 

3214 

2042 

1700 

3150 

•- 

6 

8 

10,553 

21,967 

.7462 

15,533 

6094 

12,682 

5276 

10,983. 

Different  makes  of  supply  and  return 
valves,  steam  traps  and  other  specialties 
vary  as  to  capacity,  therefore  use  size  as 
recommended  for  any  particular  make. 
Vertical  connections  to  be  of  same  size 
as  valve  and  trap  used.  Return  hori¬ 
zontal  runout  to  be  not  less  than  %  in. 

10 

12 

>40,085 

64,336 

23,345 

45,492 

23.144 

37.145 

20,043 

32,168 

Pipe 

Size 

Inches 

Dry  Return  Main 

Wet  Return  Main 

Equivalent  Length  of  Run  from  Boiler  to 
Farthest  Radiator  in  Feet 

Equivalent  Length  of  Run  from  Boiler  to 
Farthest  Radiator  in  Feet 

100 

200 

300 

400 

100 

200 

300 

400 

/ 

J 

K 

L 

M 

1 V 

0 

P 

Q 

1 

IX 

355 

745 

320 

670 

285 

595 

248 

520 

1000 

1700 

700 

1200 

580 

990 

500 

850 

'  i  X 

2 

1173 

2680 

1058 

2300 

943 

2140 

822 

1880 

2700 

5600 

1900 

4000 

1570 

3240 

1350 

2800 

2  y2 

3 

4300 

7800 

3800 

7000 

3470 

6250 

3040 

5480 

9400 

15,000 

6700 

10,700 

5300 

8500 

4700 

7500 

3'A  \ 

4 

11,100 

16,700 

10,000 

15,000 

8800 

13,400 

7880 

11,7.00 

22,000 

31,000 

16,000 

22,000 

..  13,200 
18,300 

11,000 

15,500 

C  Not  to  be  Re- 

Copyright  J  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association  I  printed  With- 
1927  |  American  Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers  f  o  u  t  Special 

^  J  Permission. 

*  Radiator  branches  more  than  8  ft.  in  length  should  be  one  size  larger  than  shown  in  Column  G 

t  This  table  is  for  systems  which  are  open  to  atmosphere  or  operate  under  slight  pressure  or  partial 
vacuum  without  use  of  vacuum  pumps. 

Note  1. — These  tables  apply  where  pipes  are  properly  reamed.  No  allowances  for  defective  material 
or  workmanship  have  been  made. 

Note  2. — Capacities  based  on  lb.  condensation  per  square  foot  equivalent  radiation  and  actual 
diameter  of  standard  pipe. 

Note  8. — Extra  length  to  be  added  to  straight  run  of  pipe,  for  various  fittings  and  valves  to  deter¬ 
mine  equivalent  length.  (See  Table  3.) 

Note  4. — Mains  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  length  of  run  from  the  boiler 
or  source  of  supply  to  the  farthest  radiators  supplied  by  the  main. 

Determine  equivalent  length  of  run,  then  use  figures  in  corresponding  Column  ( B  to  E)  for  supply 
mains;  [J  to  M)  for  dry  return  mains;  (N  to  Q)  for  wet  return  mains  for  sizing  the  entire  run. 

Risers  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  length  of  run  from  the  boiler  or  source  of 
supply  to  the  farthest  radiator  on  each  riser. 

Determine  the  distance  to  the  farthest  radiator,  then  use  the  figures  in  the  corresponding  Column 
( B  to  E)  for  sizing  each  riser;  providing  the  amount  of  radiation  for  that  riser  does  not  exceed  amounts 
shown  in  Column  F.  Where  riser  capacities  are  found  to  be  in  excess  of  amounts  shown  in  Column  F, 
step  up  to  necessary  size  indicated  in  that  column. 

Note  6. — Where  it  is  necessary  to  drip  a  supply  main  or  a  supply  riser  or  a  branch  to  a  supply  riser, 
same  should  drip  separately  into  a  wet  return.  The  drip  for  a  vapor  or  vacuum  system  may  be  taken 
into  a  dry  return  through  a  steam  trap. 

Note  6. — Pitch  of  pipe  should  be  not  less  than  H  in.  in  10  ft.;  on  horizontal  branches  to  radiators 
at  least  in.  in  10  ft. 

10 


LARGE  TWO-PIPE  VAPOR  SYSTEM 


Table  11.  Pipe  Sizes  Table  for  Two-Pipe  Vapor!  Heating  Systems, 
where  Equivalent  Length  of  Run  from*  Boiler  or  Source  of 
Supply  to  Farthest  Radiator  Exceeds  200  Ft. 

Capacity  in  Sq.  Ft.  of  Equivalent  Radiation 


Pipe 

Size 

Inches 


Equivalent  Length  op  Pipe  from  Boiler  to  Farthest  Radiator, 
Including  Main  and  Riser.  (See  Note  4 ) 

Supply  Main  Dripped  and  Branches  to  Risers  Dripped — 

Steam  and  Condensate  flowing  in  same  direction. 

Based  on  4  oz.  Total  Pressure  Drop 


200  Ft. 


300  Ft. 


400  Ft. 


500  Ft. 


Maximum  Capacities 


Supply 

Risers 

Up-Feed 


Branches  to 
Supply  Risers 
and  Radiators 
Not  Dripped 


Return 

Risers 


X 


ill 


79 


65 


56 


49 


46 


26 


190 

450 


IX 
l  'A 


245 

380 


173 

269 


141 

220 


122 

190 


110 

165 


100 

155 


122 

190 


990 

1500 


2 

2'A 


771 

1270 


546 


446 

734 


386 

635 


345 

568 


315 

518 


386 

635 


195 

395 


3000 


3 

3'A 


2326 

3474 


1645 

2457 


1342 

2006 


1163 

1737 


1040 

1552 


948 

1419 


1129 

1548 


700 

1150 


4914 

9092 


3475 

6429 


2828 

5250 


2457 

4546 


2196 

4062 


2011 

3712 


2042 


1700 

3150 


14,924 

31,066 


10,553 

21,967 


8618 

17,935 


7462 

15,533 


6669 

13,880 


6094 

12,682 


56,689 

90,985 


40,085 

64,336 


32,730 

52,530 


28,345 

45,492 


25,334 

40,660 


23.144 

37.145 


Different  maker  of  supply  and  return 
valves,  steam  traps  and  other  specialties 
vary  as  to  capacity,  therefore  ose  size  as 
recommended  for  any  particnlar  make. 
Vertical  connections  to  be  of  same  size 
as  valve  and  trap  osed.  Return  hori¬ 
zontal  runout  to  he  not  less  than  %  in. 


Drt  Return  Main 

Wet  Return  Main 

Pipe 

Size 

Equivalent  Length  of  Run  from  Boiler  to 

Equivalent  Length  of  Run  from  Boiler 

TO 

Inches 

Farthest  Radiator  in  Feet 

Farthest  Radiator  in  Feet 

100 

200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

100 

200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

K 

L 

M 

N 

0 

P 

Q 

R 

S 

T 

u 

V 

W 

1 

460 

412 

368 

320 

322 

275 

1400 

1000 

820 

700 

590 

600 

962 

868 

770 

670 

579 

480 

2400- 

1700 

1420 

1200 

1020 

860 

I'A 

1512 

1362 

1210 

1058 

909 

757 

3800 

2700 

2260 

1900 

1560 

1300 

2 

3300 

2960 

2640 

2300 

1980 

1630 

8000 

5600 

4500 

4000 

3360 

2800 

~FA 

5450 

4900 

4380 

3800 

3300 

2770 

13,400 

9400 

7600 

6700 

5700 

4800 

3 

10,000 

9000 

8000 

7000 

6000 

5000 

21,400 

15,000 

12,300 

10,700 

9300 

7800 

3'A 

14,300 

12,900 

11,500 

10,000 

8600 

7200 

32,000 

22,000 

24,000 

16,000 

13,600 

11,400 

4 

21,500 

19,300 

17,200 

15,000 

12,900 

10,700 

44,000 

31,000 

26,000 

22,000 

20,500 

15,400 

f  Y  Not  to  be  Re- 

Copyright)  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association  Iprinted  With- 
1927  ! American  Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers  (out  Special 

^  J  Permission. 

*  Radiator  branches  more  than  8  ft.  in  length  should  be  one  size  larger  than  shown  in 
Column  I. 

tThis  table  is  for  systems  which  are  open  to  atmosphere  or  operate  under  slight 
pressure  or  partial  vacuum  without  use  of  vacuum  pumps. 

Note  1. — These  tables  apply  where  pipes  are  properly  reamed.  No  allowances  for  de¬ 
fective  material  or  workmanship  have  been  made. 

Note  2.  Capacities  based  on  lb.  condensation  per  square  foot  equivalent  radiation 
and  actual  diameter  of  standard  pipe. 

Note  3. — Extra  length  to  be  added  to  straight  run  of  pipe,  for  various  fittings  and  valves 
to  determine  equivalent  length.  (See  Table  3.) 

Note  4. — Mains  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  length  of  run  from 
the  boiler  or  source  of  supply  to  the  farthest  radiators  supplied  by  the  main, 
r  /  oeter^!nS  eQuivaJent  length  of  run  then  use  figures  in  that  corresponding  Column 
to  G)  for  supply  mains;  (L  to  Q )  for  dry  return  mains;  ( R  to  IV)  for  wet  return 
mains]  for  sizing  the  entire  run. 

Risers  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  length  of  run  from  the 
boiler  or  source  of  supply  to  the  farthest  radiator  on  each  riser. 

Determine  the  distance  to  the  farthest  radiator  then  use  the  figures  in  the  corre¬ 
sponding  Column  ( B  to  G )  for  sizing  each  riser;  providing  the  amount  of  radiation 
for  that  riser  does  not  exceed  amounts  shown  in  Column  H.  Where  riser  capacities  are 
found  to  bo  in  excess  of  amounts  shown  in  Column  H ,  step  up  to  necessary  size  indi¬ 
cated  in  that  column. 

Note  5.— Where  it  is  necessary  to  drip  a  supply  main  or  a  supply  riser  or  a  branch 
to  a  supply  riser,  same  should  drip  separately  into  a  wet  return.  The  drip  for  a  vapor 
0r  vacuum  system  may  be  taken  into  a  dry  return  through  a  steam  trap. 

Note  6.  Pitch  of  pipe  should  be  not  less  than  X  in.  in  10  ft.;  on  horizontal  branches 
to  radiators  at  least  l/2  in.  in  10  ft. 


11 


VACUUM  PUMP  SYSTEM 


Table  12.  Pipe  Sizes  Table  for  Vacuum  Pump  Systems,  where  Equiva¬ 
lent  Length  of  Run  from  Boiler  or  Source  of  Supply  to  Farthest 
Radiator  Exceeds  200  Ft. 

Capacity  in  Sq.  Ft .  of  Equivalent  Radiation 


• 

Equivalent  Length  op  Pipe  from  Boiler  to  Farthest  Radiator. 

Pipe 

Including  Main  and  Riser.  (See  Note  4.) 

MAXIMUM  CAPACITIES 

Supply  Main  Dripped  and  Branches  to  Risers  Dripped— 
Steam  and  Condensate  flowing  in  same  direction. 
Based  on  4  oz.  Total  Pressure  Drop** 

Size 

Inches 

Supply  Risers 

Branches  to 

Supply  Risers  and 
Radiators  Not  Dripped 

Up-Feed 

100  Ft. 

200  Ft. 

300  Ft. 

400  Ft. 

500  Ft. 

600  Ft. 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

0 

H 

;* * 

X 

l 

111 

79 

65 

56 

49 

46 

56 

26 

l  X 

•  245 

173 

141 

122 

110 

100 

122 

58 

I'A 

380 

269 

.220 

190 

165 

155 

190 

95 

2 

771 

546 

446 

386 

345 

315 

386 

195 

2'A 

1270 

898 

734 

635 

568 

518 

635 

395 

3 

2326 

1645 

1342 

1163 

1040 

948 

1129 

700 

3H 

3474 

2457 

2006 

1737 

1552 

1419 

1548 

1150 

4 

4914 

3475 

2828 

2457 

2196 

2011 

2042 

1700 

5 

9092 

6429 

5250 

4546 

4062 

3712 

3150 

6 

14,924 

10,553 

8618 

7462 

6669 

6094 

8 

31,066 

21,967 

17,935 

15,533 

13,880 

12,682 

• - 

10 

56,689 

40,085 

32,730 

28,345 

25,334 

23,144 

. 

12 

90,985 

64,336 

52,530 

45,492 

40,660 

•37,145 

. 

........ 

Pipe  Size 
Inches 

Return  Mains  and  Risers 

Riser 

Main 

100  Ft 

200  Ft. 

300  Ft. 

400  Ft. 

500  Ft. 

600  Ft. 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

0 

P 

Q 

.X 

800 

568 

462 

400 

358 

326 

X 

1400 

994 

810 

700 

626 

570 

i 

ix 

2400 

1704 

1387 

1200 

1073 

976 

IX 

l'A 

'  3800 

2696 

2195 

1900  ' 

1698 

1547 

VA 

2 

8000 

5680 

4622 

4000 

3575 

3256 

2 

2  y2 

13,400 

9510 

7745 

6700 

5990 

5453 

2'A 

3 

21,400 

15,190 

12,360 

.  '10,700 

9565 

8710 

3 

3X2 

32,000 

22,710  . 

18,490 

16,000 

14,300 

13,020 

3H 

4 

44,000 

31,220 

25,430 

22,000 

19,660 

17,910 

Different  makes  of 
supply  and  return 
valves,  steam  traps 
and  other  specialties 
vary  as  to  capacity, 
therefore  use  size  as 
recommended  for any 
particular  make. 
Vertical  connection 
to  be  of  same  size  as 
valve  and  trap  used. 
Return  horizontal 
runout  to  be  no  less 
than  %  in. 


C  Not  to  be  Re- 

Copyright  J  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association  (.printed  With- 
1927  |  American  Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating  Engineers  [out  Special 

V  '  Permission, 

*  Radiator  branches  more  than  8  ft.  In  length  should  be  one  size  larger  than  shown  in  Column  1. 

**  It  is  not  generally  considered  good  practice  to  greatly  exceed  1  oz.  drop  in  pressure  in  each  100 
ft.  equivalent  length  of  run  nor  to  exceed  1  lb.  total  pressure  drop  in  any  system. 

Note  1 . — These  tables  apply  where  pipes  are  properly  reamed.  No  allowances  for  defective  material 
or  workmanship  have  been  made. 

Note  2. — Capacities  based  on  lb.  condensation  per  square  foot  equivalent  radiation  and  actual 
diameter  of  standard  pipe. 

Note  3. — Extra  length  to  be  added  to  straight  run  of  pipe,  for  various  fittings  and  valves  to  deter¬ 
mine  equivalent  length.  (See  Table  3.) 

Note  4. — Mains  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  length  of  run  from  the  boiler 
or  source  of  supply  to  the  farthest  radiators  supplied  by  the  main. 

Determine  equivalent  length  of  run,  then  use  figures  In  corresponding  Column  (B  to  G)  for  sizing 
the  entire  run. 

Supply  risers  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  length  of  run  from  the  boiler  or 
source  of  supply  to  the  farthest  radiator  on  each  riser.  Determine  the  distance  to  the  farthest  radiator 
then  use  figures  in  that  corresponding  Column  (R  to  G)  for  sizing  each  riser;  providing  the  amount 
of  radiation  for  that  riser  does  not  exceed  amounts  shown  in  Column  H.  Where  riser  capacities  are 
found  to  be  in  excess  of  amounts  shown  in  Column  H,  step  up  to  necessary  size  indicated  in  that 
column. 

Note  5. — Return  mains  and  risers  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  distance  in 
feet,  from  farthest  radiator  to  the  vacuum  pump;  using  capacities  in  that  corresponding  Column 
(Z,  to  Q)  for  sizing  entire  return  riser  (Column  J )  and  return  main  (Column  A) . 

Note  6. — Where  it  is  necessary  to  drip  a  supply  main,  supply  riser  or  branch  to  a  supply  riser,  same 
should  be  dripped  separately  through  a  steam  trap  into  vacuum  return.  Never  drip  a  supply  riser 
into  a  vacuum  return  except  through  a  steam  trap. 

Note  7. — Pitch  of  pipe  should  be  not  less  than  34  in.  in  10  ft.;  on  horizontal  branches  to  radiators, 
at  least  34  in.  in  10  ft. 


12 


■ 


■ 


■ 


LARGE  VACUUM  PUMP  SYSTEM 


Table  13.  Pipe  Sizes  for  Vacuum  Pump  Systems,  where  Equiva¬ 
lent  Length  of  Run  from  Boiler  or  Source  of  Supply  to  Farthest 
Radiator  Exceeds  200  Ft. 

Capacity  in  Sq.  Ft.  of  Equivalent  Radiation 


Pipe 

Size 

In. 

Equivalent  Length  or  Pipe  from  Boiler  to  Farthest  Radiator, 

Including  Maim  and  Riser.  (See  Nate  I>.) 

Supply  Main  Dripped  and  Branches  to  Risers  Dripped— 

Steam  and  Condensate  flowing  in  same  direction. 

Based  on  8  oz.  Total  Pressure  Drop** 

Maximum  Capacities 

Supply 

Risers 

UpTeed 

Branches  to  1 
Supply  Risers 
and  Rad  ia tore 
Not  Dripped 

100  Ft. 

200  Ft. 

300  Ft. 

400  Ft. 

50p  Ft. 

600  Ft. 

800  Ft. 

1000  Ft. 

1200  Ft. 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

V 

G 

H 

/ 

J 

K 

L* * 

1 

157 

111 

92 

79 

70 

65 

56 

49 

46 

56 

26 

m 

346 

245 

200 

173 

154 

141 

122 

110 

100 

122 

58 

538 

380 

310 

269 

240 

220 

190 

165 

155 

190 

95 

2 

1091 

771 

630 

546 

487 

446 

386 

345 

315 

386 

195 

2'A 

1797 

1270 

1036 

898 

803 

734 

635 

568 

518 

635 

395 

3 

3289 

2326 

1896 

1645 

1470 

1342 

1163 

1040 

948 

1129 

700 

3XA 

4913 

3474 

2838 

2457 

2196 

2006 

1737 

1552 

1419 

1548 

1150 

4 

6950 

4914 

4022 

3475 

3106 

2828 

2457 

2196 

2011 

2042 

1700 

5 

12,858 

9092 

7424 

6429 

5747 

'5250 

4546 

4062 

3712 

3150 

6 

21,105 

14,924 

12,168 

10,553 

9433 

8618 

7462 

6669 

6084 

8 

43,934 

31,066 

25,364 

21,967 

19,638 

17,935 

15,533 

13, 880 

12,682 

10 

80,171 

56,689 

46,288 

40,085 

35,836 

32,730 

28,345 

25,334 

23,144 

— 

12 

128,672 

90,985 

74,290 

64,336 

57,516 

52,530 

45,492 

40,660 

37,145 

16 

240,245 

169,879 

138,381 

121,012 

107,389 

98,500 

84,849 

75,917 

69,671 

— 

Pipe  Size 
Inches 


Return  Mains  and  Risers 


Riser 

Main 

100  Ft. 

200  Ft. 

300  Ft. 

400  Ft. 

500  Ft. 

600  Ft. 

800  Ft. 

1000  Ft. 

1200  Ft. 

M 

N 

0 

P 

Q 

R 

S 

T 

U 

V 

W 

H 

1130 

800. 

.  653 

568 

505 

462 

400 

358 

326 

% 

1 

1977 

1400 

1143 

994 

884 

810 

700 

626 

570 

1 

1^ 

3390 

2400 

1960 

1704 

1515 

1387 

1200 

1073 

976 

m 

1  ^ 

5370 

3800 

3103 

2696 

2400 

2195 

1900 

1698 

1547 

1  ^ 

2 

11,300 

8000 

6533 

5680 

5050 

4622 

4000 

3575 

3256 

2 . 

23^ 

18,925 

13,400 

10,940 

9,510 

8460 

7745 

6700 

5990 

5453 

2A 

3 

30,230 

21,400 

17,460 

15,190 

13,510 

12,360 

10,700 

9,565 

8,710 

3 

3H 

45,200 

32,000 

26,130 

22,710 

20,200 

18,490 

16,000 

14,300 

13,020 

2>XA 

4 

62,180 

44,000 

35,950 

31,220 

27,800 

25,430 

22,000 

19,660 

17,910 

4 

5 

109,300 

77,400 

63,200 

54,920 

48,800 

44,720 

38,700 

34,600 

31*500 

5 

6 

175,100 

124,000 

101,200 

88,000 

78,200 

71,700 

62,000 

55,410 

50,450 

Different 
makes  of  sup¬ 
ply  and  return 
valves,  steam 
traps  and 
other  special¬ 
ties  vary  as  to 
capacity, 
therefore  use 
size  as  recom¬ 
mended  for 
any  particular 
make.  Verti¬ 
cal  connec¬ 
tion  to  be  of 
same  size  as 
valve  and  trap 
used.  Return 
horizontal 
runout  to  be 
not  less  than 
M  »n. 


r  Not  to  be  Re- 

Copyright)  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association  l  printed  With- 
1927  |  American  Society  of  Heating  and  V entilating  Engineers  [out  Special 

v  J  Permission. 

*  Radiator  branches  more  than  8  ft.  in  length  should  be  one  size  larger  than  shown  in  Column  L. 

**  It  is  not  generally  considered  good  practice  to  greatly  exceed  1  oz.  drop  in  pressure  in  each  100 
ft.,  equivalent  length  of  run  nor  to  exceed  1  lb.  total  pressure  drop  in  any  system. 

Note  1 . — These  tables  apply  where  pipes  are  properly  reamed.  No  allowances  for  defective  material 
or  workmanship  have  been  made. 

Note  2. — Capacities  based  on  M  lb.  condensation  per  square  foot  equivalent  radiation  and  actual 
diameter  of  standard  pipe. 

Note  3. — Extra  length  to  be  added  to  straight  run  of  pipe,  for  various  fittings  and  valves  to  deter¬ 
mine  equivalent  length.  (See  Table  3.) 

Note  4. — Mains  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  length  of  run  from  the  boiler  or 
source  of  supply  to  the  farthest  radiators  supplied  by  the  main. 

Determine  equivalent  length  of  run,  then  use  figures  in  corresponding  Column  ( B  to  J)  for  sizing 
the  entire  run. 

Supply  risers  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  length  of  run  from  the  boiler  or 
source  of  supply  to  the  farthest  radiator  on  each  particular  riser.  Determine  the  distance  to  the 
farthest  radiator,  then  use  figures  in  that  corresponding  Column  ( B  to  J)  for  sizing  each  riser;  pro¬ 
viding  the  amount  of  radiation  for  that  riser  does  not  exceed  amounts  shown  in  Column  K.  Where 
riser  capacities  are  found  to  be  in  excess  of  amounts  shown  in  Column  K.  step  up  to  necessary  size 
indicated  in  that  column. 

t&Nole  6. — Return  mains  and  risers  are  to  be  proportioned  according  to  the  equivalent  distance  in 
feet,  from  farthest  radiator  to  the  vacuum  pump;  using  capacities  in  that  corresponding  Column 
(O  to  W)  for  sizing  entire  return  riser  (Column  M)  and  return  main  (Column  N) . 

Note  6. — Where  it  is  necessary  to  drip  a  supply  main,  supply  riser  or  branch  to  a  supply  riser,  same 
should  be  dripped  separately  through  a  steam  trap  into  vacuum  return.  Never  drip  a  supply  riser 
into  a  vacuum  return  except  through  a  steam  trap. 

Note  7. — Pitch  of  pipe  should  be  not  less  than  M  in-  in  10  ft.;  on  horizontal  branches  to  radiators, 
at  least  ^  in.  in  10  ft. 


13 


1 


]%} 


^  FEB  17  1928 
A.  C.  Wii_LAi 


Ans. 


PART  IV 

STANDARD  DIMENSIONS  OF  VALVES  AND  FITTINGS 
AND  MATERIALS 


(4-29)  First  Revision.  Part  IV,  Page  1— Destroy  Original 

Copyrighted,  1925,  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association 


RADIATOR  VALVES— ROUGHING-IN  DIMENSIONS 


STANDARD  ROUGHING-IN  DIMENSIONS 
Angle  Type  Valves 


Size 

of 

Valve 

Dimension  A 
Steam  and  Hot- 
Water  Angle  Valves 
and  Union  Elbows 
Effective 

Jan.  1st,  1926 

Dimension  A 
Modulating 
Valves 
Effective 

Jan.  1st,  1926 

Dimension  A 
Return  Line 
Vacuum  Valves 
Effective 

Jan.  1st,  1925 

w 

2  M" 

2  M" 

3M" 

y*r 

2%" 

2M" 

1" 

3" 

3" 

3V2" 

& 

CO 

m 

m" 

3  H' 

2" 

4  M" 

4  M" 

Tolerance 

±Vs" 

±V8" 

Connecting  ends  shall  be  threaded  and  gauged 
as  to  threading  according  to  the  American  (Taper) 
Pipe  Thread  Standard,  ASA  No.  B2-— 1919. 

The  standardization  of  the  Roughing-in  Dimensions  of 
Angle  Steam  and  Hot  Water,  and  Modulating  Radiator 
Valves  was  made  possible  by  the  cooperation  of  the  Manu¬ 
facturers  Standardization  Society  of  the  Valves  and  Fit¬ 
tings  Industry. 


Part  IV 


1 


Issued  November,  1925.  Part  IV,  Page  1 

Copyrighted  1925,  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association 


RADIATOR  VALVES— ROUGHING-IN  DIMENSIONS 


^1 

A 

STANDARD  ROUGHING-IN. 

Angle  Type  Yj 


DIMENSIONS 


Size 

of 

Valve 

Dimension  A 
Steam  and  Hot- 
Water  Angle  Valvef 
and  Union  Elbows; 
Effective  f 

Jan.  1st,  192^ 

Dimension  A 
Modulating 
f  Valves 

'A  Effective 

Jan.  1st,  1926 

Dimension  A 
Return  Line 
Vacuum  Valves 
Effective 

Jan.  1st,  1925 

W 

to 

2H" 

3J4" 

W 

2|£"  ^ 

2  U" 

1" 

jS  hi 

3" 

1  Va" 

3  W 

iy2" 

vVr 

3  %" 

2" 

\m- 

4  M" 

Tolerance 

±Vs" 

H- 

\M 

oo\ 

The  standardization  of  the  Roughing-in  Dimensions 
of  Angle  Steam  and  Hot  Water,  and  Modulating  Ra¬ 
diator  Valves  was  made  possible  by  the  cooperation  of 
the  Manufacturers  Standardization  Society  of  the 
Valves  and  Fittings  Industry. 


Part  IV. 


1 


Issued  April,  1929.  Part  IV,  Page  2 

Copyrighted,  1929,  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association 


WELDING  NECK  FLANGES 


H 


B 

A 


STANDARD  WELDING  NECK  FLANGES  FOR 
STANDARD  PIPE— Series  15 


Size 

A 

Drilling 

E 

F 

G 

H 

B 

c 

Std. 

Pipe 

2 

6 

m 

4-  M 

2% 

M 

23^ 

234 

2}4 

7 

5% 

4-  M 

2% 

We 

2% 

3 

3 

7J4 

6 

4-  Ys 

3% 

M 

2% 

3% 

4 

9 

734 

8-  M 

434 

We 

3 

4% 

5 

10 

8J4 

8-  M 

5^6 

We 

3% 

5We 

6 

11 

9  M 

8-  M 

6He> 

1 

3% 

6M 

8 

13J4 

ii  H 

8-  H 

8 

134 

4 

8M 

10 

16 

14  x 

12-  Vs 

10 

m 

4 

1034 

12 

19 

17 

12-  Vs 

12 

1M 

434 

12% 

14  0.D. 

21 

18M 

12-1 

* 

'  IVs 

5 

14%e 

16  O.D. 

23  % 

21M 

16-1 

* 

We 

5 

16M 

18  O.D. 

25 

22M 

16-1  Vs 

* 

We 

5% 

ism 

*Orders  or  inquiries  should  specify  diameter  of  bore  “E”  required. 


Part  IV 


2 


( 


<• 


( 


Issued  April,  1929.  Part  IV,  Page  3 

Copyrighted,  1929,  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association 


WELDING  NECK  FLANGES 


EXTRA  HEAVY  WELDING  NECK  FLANGES  FOR 
STANDARD  PIPE— Series  30 


Size 

A 

Drilling 

D 

*E 

F 

G 

H 

B 

c 

.  2 

6% 

5 

8-  % 

3% 

214 

Vs 

2% 

2% 

2% 

7% 

5% 

00 

1 

\CO 

4% 

2% 

1 

3% 

3 

3 

s% 

6  Vs 

eo\ 

1 

00 

5 

314 

3% 

3% 

4 

10 

7Vs 

w 

1 

00 

6%6 

4%2 

i% 

3% 

4% 

5 

11 

9% 

8-  % 

7%6 

5%6 

i% 

3% 

6% 

6 

12% 

10** 

12-  % 

8% 

614 

i% 

3% 

6% 

8 

15 

13 

12-  Vs 

10% 

8 

i% 

4% 

8% 

10 

17% 

15% 

16-1 

12% 

10 

i% 

4% 

10% 

12 

20  % 

17% 

16-1% 

15 

12 

2 

5% 

12% 

14  O.D. 

23 

20% 

20-1% 

16% 

* 

2% 

5% 

14%6 

16  0.D. 

25% 

22% 

20-1% 

18% 

* 

2% 

5% 

16% 

18  O.D. 

28 

24% 

24-1% 

21 

* 

2% 

6% 

18% 

*Orders  or  inquiries  should  specify  diameter  of  bore  “E”  required. 


Part  IV 


3 


Issued  April,  1929.  Part  IV,  Page  4 

Copyrighted,  1929,  by  Heating  and  Piping  Contractors  National  Association 


WELDING  NECK  FLANGES 


B 

A 


EXTRA  HEAVY  WELDING  NECK  FLANGES  FOR  EXTRA 
HEAVY  PIPE— Series  30 


Size 

A 

Drilling 

D 

*E 

F 

G 

H 

B 

c 

2 

6  34 

5 

8-  34 

334 

m 

34 

234 

234 

234 

734 

5% 

8-  % 

4J4 

2%6 

1 

334 

3 

3 

834 

6^8 

8-  %\ 

5 

234 

334 

334 

4 

10 

7Vs 

8-  % 

6% 

3% 

134 

334 

434 

5 

11 

934 

8-  % 

7% 

4% 

134 

334 

5% 

6 

12  34 

10  34 

12-  % 

8}4 

5% 

1%6 

334 

8 

15 

13 

12-  Vs 

1034 

7% 

134 

4  34 

834 

10 

1734 

1534 

16-1 

1234 

934 

lVs 

4  34 

1034 

12 

20  J4 

17% 

16-1  Vs 

15 

11% 

2 

534 

1234 

14  O.D. 

23 

2034 

20-1  % 

1634 

* 

234 

534 

14316 

16  O.D. 

2534 

2234 

20-134 

1834 

* 

234 

534 

1634 

18  O.D. 

28 

2434 

24-134 

21 

* 

2/4 

634 

1834 

*Orders  or  inquiries  should  specify  diameter  of  bore  “E”  required. 


Part  IV 


4 


■ 


?? 


■ 


/or  'Duplicate.  tTHCenlion 


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(II  in-  j>mylf-IStpg?r  GJn. 


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